한국 관경변상도의 공명조 연구

Abstract

Jīva-jīvaka(共命鳥) appearing in patinting of the Paradise of Amitabha(觀經變相圖) embodies a bird of 'A human head is two(人頭 二 首), ' living in the Land of Perfect Bliss. In the picture, it mostly found in the center on the terrace in contrast with ‘Kalavinka’, so we can see that it is one of the significant icons. According to the scripture, this Jīva-jīvaka inhabits the snow mountain, Land of Perfect Bliss, deep valley, or the shore, and its image is depicted as 'one body and two heads(一身二頭)', 'a bird with two heads(二首鳥)', or 'a creature shaped as an animal with a human face and equipped with one body but two heads'. Among them, Gyugi’s 『Amitagyeongtongchanso(阿彌陀經通贊疏)』 describes it as 'a creature shaped as an animal with a human face and equipped with one body but two heads', so it did influence the appearance of gongmyeongjo’s image found in Dunhuang patinting of the Paradise of Amitabha(觀經變相圖). Jīva-jīvaka(共命鳥) is put on the terrace, topa (the bank built with earth), clear sky, or the banister in the picture. In Dunhuang, it mostly wears the crown and plays an instrument on the terrace. In Korea, however, Jīva-jīvaka(共命鳥) is depicted as the one holding an offering or putting its hands together. In Goryeo, it stands on the topa wearing bogwan with a ribbon fluttering whereas in Chosun, it mostly has short hair in the clear sky with its hands omitted. These are the characteristics in Korea that cannot be found in Dunhuang. As written above, those in Korea did accept the iconic characteristics of Jīva-jīvaka(共命鳥) found in Dunhuang of the time but created a new icon receiving the culture of the time for the picture. Although Jīva-jīvaka(共命鳥) in patinting of the Paradise of Amitabha(觀經變相圖) has not been well recognized, it will be needed to take news perspectives and awareness about it.