대학생의 기업가적역량과 창업의도 간의 영향관계 : 기업가적태도의 매개효과와 성취욕구의 조절효과
The Impact of Entrepreneurial Competence on Entrepreneurial Intention Among University Students: The Mediating Effect of Entrepreneurial Attitude and the Moderating Effect of Need for Achievement
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초록
본 연구의 목적은 대학생의 창업의도에 영향을 미치는 요인으로, 인지역량, 대인관계역량, 사업화역량으로 구성된 기업가적역량과 기업가적태도, 성취욕구 간의 구조적인 영향관계를 실증적으로 규명하여, 창업 생태계 이해관계자에게 필요한 성공요인과 통찰력을 제시하는데 있다. 연구를 위해 관련 선행연구를 기반으로 기업가적역량의 하위요인으로 인지역량, 대인관계역량, 사업화역량을 독립변수로 선정하였고, 기업가 즉 창업자에 대한 긍정적인 인식을 나타내는 기업가적태도를 매개변수도 선정하였다. 또한 개인의 추진력으로도 볼 수 있는 성취욕구를 기업가적태도와 창업의도 간의 조절변수로 선정하여 구조적 연구모형을 수립하였다. 연구모형과 가설을 설정한 후, (재)한국청년기업가정신재단의 「2022년 기업가정신실태조사(개인편)」 원자료를 활용하여, 연구 목적에 맞춰 대학생을 표본으로 추출하여 분석에 사용하였다. 총 536명의 대학생 응답자료를 추출하였고, SmartPLS (v.4.1.0.8)을 활용하여 측정변수의 신뢰도와 타당도를 평가하고, 구조모형의 적합성을 평가하여 모형적합도를 검증하였다. 가설검정을 위해 부트스트래핑을 실시하여, 설정된 8개 가설경로에 대해 지지/기각 여부를 확인하였다. 분석결과 기업가적역량의 하위요인인 인지역량, 대인관계역량, 사업화역량은 기업가적태도에 모두 정(+)의 영향을 미쳤고, 기업가적태도는 세 가지 독립변수와 창업의도 간의 관계를 정(+)으로 매개하였다. 또한, 성취욕구는 창업의도에 직접적인 영향을 미치지 않았지만, 기업가적태도와의 상호작용으로 창업의도에 정(+)의 조절효과를 나타냈다. 결과적으로 설정된 8개의 가설은 모두 지지가 되었다. 그리고 추가 분석을 통해 수도권/비수도권 대학생 비교분석으로 기업가적태도와 인지역량에 상반된 차이가 있음을 규명하였다. 본 연구 결과를 통해 기업가적역량, 기업가적태도, 성취욕구, 창업의도 간의 구조적 영향관계를 전국 단위 국가통계자료를 활용하여 실증모형을 검증했다는 이론적 함의와, 기업가정신 교육의 방향을 기업가적역량 중심으로 더욱 강화하는 것이 실전창업의 효과성을 높일 수 있을 것이라는 실무적 제언을 도출하였다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to empirically identify the structural influence relationship between entrepreneurial competence, which is composed of cognitive competence, interpersonal relationship competence, and commercialization competence, and entrepreneurial attitude and need for achievement as factors that influence college students' entrepreneurial intention, and to provide success factors and insights for stakeholders in the entrepreneurship ecosystem. For this study, based on the relevant prior research, we selected cognitive competence, interpersonal competence, and commercialization competence as sub-factors of entrepreneurial competence as independent variables, and entrepreneurial attitude, which represents a positive perception of entrepreneurs, was selected as a mediating variable. In addition, need for achievement, which can be seen as an individual's drive, was selected as a moderating variable between entrepreneurial attitude and entrepreneurial intention to start a business, and a structural research model was established. After establishing the research model and hypotheses, we utilized the data from the Korea Entrepreneurship Foundation's “Entrepreneurship Survey 2022 (Individual Edition)” and sampled university students for the purpose of the study. A total of 536 university students' responses were extracted, and SmartPLS (v.4.1.0.8) was utilized to evaluate the reliability and validity of the measurement variables, and the fit of the structural model was evaluated to verify the model fit. For hypothesis testing, bootstrapping was conducted to check whether the eight hypothesized paths were supported or rejected. The results showed that cognitive competence, interpersonal relationship competence, and commercialization competence all had a positive effect on entrepreneurial attitude, and entrepreneurial attitude positively mediated the relationship between the three independent variables and entrepreneurial intention. In addition, need for achievement did not have a direct effect on entrepreneurial intention, but it had a positive moderating effect on entrepreneurial intention through interaction with entrepreneurial attitude. As a result, all eight hypotheses were supported. The theoretical significance of this study is that it validated the empirical model of the structural influence relationship between entrepreneurial competence, entrepreneurial attitude, need for achievement, and entrepreneurial intention using national statistical data at the national level, and the practical suggestion is that the direction of entrepreneurship education should be more centered on entrepreneurial competence to increase the effectiveness of practical entrepreneurship.
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