조선후기 홍주목 부속 도서의 행정편제와 설진(設鎭)·설군(設郡) -도서민의 세역(稅役) 부담을 중심으로

Abstract

In Joseon, there were many inhabited islands along the west coast of Chungcheongnam province. People first settled the islands in prehistoric times. During the first half of the Joseon period, the central government implemented a policy of emptying the islands, which were accordingly excluded from the scope of its interest. A considerable percentage of these islands were under the control of the Hongjumok. The number of people entering the islands attached to the Hongjumok began to increase in the seventeenth century after two major wars. There were several core reasons behind this change, such as the lower tax burden compared to inland areas, the opportunity they presented to escape from military service, the reclamation of arable land after farms were closed on Wonsan and Sapsi Islands, and the abundant fish resources and marine products. Furthermore, the Woohoo of the Chungcheong Suyeong was stationed on Wonsan Island, the largest of the islands attached to Hongjumok and a strategic point of the sea route during the second half of the seventeenth century, resulting in the attraction of many more people to the islands. Once the inhabitants of the islands increased, the government gradually showed more interest in them, figured them out, and tried to impose its rule over them. This process led to the recording of the islands in geography books and eup documents, and the Hongjumok organized them into myeon or ri to facilitate its control of them. These islands were basically organized as a ri of Yongcheonmyeon, Hongjumok, and the system of organization into myeon and ri became more sophisticated according to the division of the islands over time. The government and the Hongjumok took the lead in the myeon and ri organization to levy taxes and labor service, imposing different kinds of taxes on the islands in the Yellow Sea from the seventeenth century onward. The major ones included the Chaebokyeok, which compelled the islands’ inhabitants to offer abalone to the king, Eoyeomseonse or maritime taxes, indigenous soldiers of Wonsanjin as a military facility, military service of Bongsugun and Yomanggun, Chakseonyeok to hold hard steel wires in the sea to store the tax grain of Hongjumok, and Gujeungyeok to pull tax grain out of the sea. These taxes were levied in layers by several agencies including the central Gaksa, Gungbang, Hongjumok, and Cheongcheong Suyeong, imposing a heavy tax burdens on the inhabitants of the islands. The tax burden on the inhabitants of the islands increased further still in the nineteenth century. Trying to address them, the Susa and Eosa of Chungcheong placed the islands of the Yellow Sea under the jurisdiction of the Chungcheong Suyeong and worked to unify the taxes. Wonsanbyeoljangjin was installed on Wonsan Island in the mid-nineteenth century in the process, but the other islands were all excluded. Such efforts to unify the tax burdens on the islands of the Yellow Sea coincidentally came to fruit in 1901 (the 5th year of Gwangmu) right after the abolition of the Chungcheong Suyeong, when these islands were incorporated into Boryeong-gun. Opposing it, the Yeongsoks of Chungcheong Suyeong created a new gun title, Ocheon-gun, by bringing all the old islands under the jurisdiction of the Hongjumok, including Gimsin-myeon, Boryeong-gun, where the Chungcheong Suyeong was located.