살아서는 료씨 죽으면 장씨 : 明·清代 張廖氏宗族의 형성과 종족이야기

Abstract

The Zhangliao(張廖) is a representative clan ‘with a different surname of life and death’ who uses Liao in life but uses Zhang when he dies. Although the Liaozhang is marked as Zhangliao, Zhang, and Liao(雙廖), he uses the ‘shengliaosizhang(生廖死張)’ as a symbol of the clan and transmits it as a key element of clan unity. Throughout the Ming and Qing dynasties, Zhangliao's population increased, his economic power increased, and the gentries also grew. However, unlike the clan of a single surname, Zhangliao's centripetal power was weak and subdivided into several branches, as well as the development of Tulou(土樓) and strong independence, making it difficult to gather the clan. Through the Ming-Qing transition period, the need to overcome the division and conflict between pro-Qing and anti-Qing during the war, and to unite the clan in the Qing Dynasty order increased. In particular, as the number of applicants in the past increases, the need to erase the traces of anti-Cheong, which the Zhangliao clan has, is also increased. As social mobility increased in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, some people wanted to integrate the entire Zhangliao clan. As the compilation of genealogy began during the Qianlong period, the story of shengliaosizhang was also written, and the shengliaosizhang became a key rule set by Zhangliao's ancestors. It is almost 400 years old when Zhang Wuanzi(張元子) became the son-in-law of Liao Sanjiulang(廖三九郞) and his son Youlai(友來) used the Liao. However, even in the 21st century, there is no official genealogy that integrates the entire Zhangliao clan. As the Shengliaosizhang story was written, the sacrifice of Zhang Wuanzi, the filial piety and dedication of Youlaigong, and the decline of the Liao clan were highlighted, and Shengliaosizhang also secured the legitimacy as a key rule set by Zhangliao's ancestors. And through this, the Zhangliao clan scattered around the region were able to unite, sustain, and expand the clan while differentiating it from other clans. However, the scale and form varied depending on the local situation and the composition of the clan. The diversity and specificity of individual clans, such asZhangliao's Shengliaosizhang, have become symbols that unite individual clans such as Zhangliao, and further contributed to the sustainability and resilience of Chinese clans that are difficult to find in the world by relativizing the unity and universality of traditional Patriarchal clan system and giving flexibility and diversity to Chinese clans.