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자폐스펙트럼장애 학생의 자해행동에 대한 기능적 의사소통 훈련 중재연구 분석

A Review of Studies on Functional Communication Training to Reduce Self-injurious Behavior for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder

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초록

본 연구에서는 자폐성장애의 자해행동의 심각성에 주목하여, 자폐성장애의 자해행동 감소를 위한 FCT 중재 효과에 대한 문헌분석을 실시하였다. 체계적인 분석을 위하여 FCT의 필수 세 단계별로 나뉘어, 자폐성장애의 자해행동의 기능분석, 대체 의사소통양식, 중재 방법들(중재 구성요소, 중재 전달 방법)을 살펴보았다. 또한, FCT 중재 구성요소와 중재 전달 방법이 중재 효과에 영향을 미치는 변인이라는 점에 주목하여, 문제행동 감소에 대한 효과크기를 계산하여 해당 변수가 중재 효과에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 포함준거와 제외준거에 따라 최종 분석 대상 논문을 선정하였다. 국외 논문 11편과 국내 논문 1편, 총 12편의 논문이 분석 대상으로 선정되었다. 분석 결과, 모든 연구는 단일 대상 연구를 실시한 것으로 나타났다. 학생들의 자해행동은 다양한 형태로 나타났으며, 공격행동 및 파괴행동 그리고 방해행동까지 동반하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 자해행동의 기능은 ‘원하는 것 얻기‘가 가장 높은 빈도를 보였고, 다음 ’과제회피’, ‘관심끌기’, ‘자유놀이’의 순으로 나타났다. 대체의사소통의 형태로는 구어와 그림카드 그리고 AAC가 주로 선정되었다. 학생의 의사소통 수준과 선호도를 고려하여 그 형태를 다양화 시켰다. 전체 12편의 논문들 중에서 9편의 논문이 촉구를 단계별로 적용하였다. 그리고 전체 논문들 중 9편의 논문에서 스케줄 약화(Schedule thinning)을 적용한 것으로 확인했다. FCT 효과 크기는 문제행동의 기능, 과제의 양, 중재 전달자, 대체 의사소통별로 다르게 확인되었으며, 상대적으로 학생이 선호하는 의사소통 양식을 통해 중재를 제공하였을 경우 높은 효과크기를 보였다. 끝으로 이러한 연구 결과를 중심으로 한 논의와 함께 후속연구에 대한 방향을 제언하였다.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to review recent researches conducted abroad and domestic regarding functional communication training(FCT) to reduce self-injurious behavior for students with autism spectrum disorder(ASD). A total of 12 studies including 11 abroad studies and 1 domestic studies were selected according to inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. For a more systematic analysis, we divided the FCT into three essential steps to examine the functional analysis of self-injurious behavior, alternative responses of communication, and intervention methods. The analysis revealed that all studies conducted a single subject research method. Self-injurious behaviors of students appeared in various forms, accompanied by aggression, destruction and disruption. In addition, the function of self-injurious behavior was ‘tangible’ with the highest frequency, followed by ‘escape demand’, ‘attention’ and ‘free play’. Alternative forms of communication were spoken, picture cards and AAC. The form was diversified in consideration of the student’s level of communication and preference. Out of a total of 12 studies 9 studies applied the prompts step by step. And nine of the studies confirmed that the schedule thinning was applied. The degree of the FCT effect differed according to the function of problem behavior, the amount of task, the mediator, and the communication response. The extent of the FCT effect was high when the intervention was provided through the student’s preferred communication style. Lastly, we suggested a limitation for the follow-up research along with discussions based on these findings.

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