조선 후기 민간도교의 발현과 전개 - 조선후기 관제신앙, 선음즐교, 무상단

Abstract

This study attempts to study in what form Folk Taoism in the late of Chosŏn Dynasty has existed and discuss the contents and characteristics of ideological aspects forming the foundation of private Taoism. While Guan Yu Belief(關帝信仰) in the late of Chosŏn Dynasty is a folk belief focusing on Guan Yu, Seoneumjeulgyo(善陰騭敎) and Musangdan(無相壇) are religious groups with organization. In case of Seoneumjeulgyo(善陰騭敎), ‘Seoneumjeul’ contains perspective of Tian(天觀) of Confucianism but the ascetic practice method is to practice by reciting the name of the Buddha and the targets of a belief are Gwanje, Munchang, Buwoo. This shows the unified phenomenon of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism of Folk Taoism in the late of Chosŏn Dynasty. Guan Yu Belief started at the national level led by the royal family of Chosŏn after Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 was firmly settled in non-official circles. Guan Yu in the late of Chosŏn Dynasty is expressed as the incarnation of loyalty and filial piety as well as God controlling life, death and fate. As this divine power and empowerment were spreading as scriptures among people, Guan Yu Belief was settled as a target to defeat the evil and invoke a blessing. Seoneumjeulgyo is the religious group that imitated ‘Paekryunsa(白蓮社)’ of Ming Qing time of China. Seoneumjeulgyo emphasized ‘sympathy’ with God through chanting. And it expressed writing written in the state of religious ecstasy as ‘Binan(飛鸞).’ Binan is also called as revelation and means to be revealed from heaven in the state united with God. Seoneumjeulgyo pursued the state united with God through a recitation of a spell and made scriptures written in the state united with God as its central doctrine. Musangdan published and spread Nanseo(鸞書,Book written by the revelation from God) and Seonso(善書) while worshipping Sam Sung Je Kun(三聖帝君). The scriptures of Folk Taoismin the late of Chosŏn Dynasty can be roughly divided into Nanseo(鸞書) and Seonso(善書). Nanseo is a book written by the revelation from God and Seonso is a book to the standards of good deeds and encourage a person to do them such as Taishangganyingbian(太上感應篇) and Gonghwagyuk(功過格). The characteristics of Folk Taoism in the late of Chosŏn Dynasty are as follows. First, a shrine of Guan Yu built for political reasons played a central role of Folk Taoism in the late of Chosŏn Dynasty. Second, specific private Taoist groups such as Temple Myoryŏnsa and Musangdan appeared in the late of Chosŏn Dynasty. These are Nandan Taoism(鸞壇道敎) that pursued the unity of God through ‘sympathy’ with God. Third, private Taoism of Chosŏn was influenced by the unity of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism with private Taoism in the Qing Dynasty of China and religious organization form etc. Fourth, the Folk Taoism scriptures of Chosŏn are divided into Nanseo and Seonso and Nanseo directly made in Chosŏn is expected to be the key to reveal the characteristics of Folk Taoism.