자원확보 및 시장확대를 위한 벤처기업의 세계화 전략
Expanding the Resource and Market Reach : Does Internationalization Enhance Venture Survival?
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초록
본 연구는 중소 벤처기업이 보유하고 있는 자원뿐만 아니라 자원을 획득하기 위한 노력 (intent to access resources from others)이 자원이 부족한 중소벤처기업의 성장 및 생존에 매우 중요한 영향을 미치고 있음을 정량적 자료의 분석과 사례연구를 통해서 확인하였다. 특히 중소 벤처기업의 자원에서 매우 중요한 역할을 하는 기술자원의 확보 (Itami, 1987)가 어떻게 기업의 성장 및 생존에 영향을 미치는지를 살펴보았으며, 세계화의 관점(international perspective)에서는 세계화를 통한 시장확대를 한 기업들이 기업에게 필요한 독특한 자원과 능력을 확보하게 되고, 이 확보된 자원과 능력이 기업의 생존 및 성장에 영향을 미침을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 중소 벤처기업이 성장하고 생존하기 위해서는 자원의 보유뿐만이 아니라 부존 자원을 확보하기 위한 노력 즉, 전략적 제휴, M&A 등을 통한 자원획득 전략과 세계화를 통한 시장 확대가 성장 및 생존에 필수조건임을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 본 연구의 인터뷰에 참여한 25개 기업 중 성공적인 세계화를 이룬 경우는 30%미만이었으며, 자원확보를 위한 전략적 제휴 및 M&A, 대기업과의 공동 연구개발 등을 진행, 세계화 추진에 여러 가지 애로사항이 있는 것으로 파악되었다. 공동개발, 제휴 등의 협력을 바탕으로 한 성공적 세계시장으로의 진출을 해결할 수 있는 대안으로 본 연구자들은 유기적 협력체 형성 즉, 소벤처 생태계의 조성 및 활성화가 필요함을 강조하였다. 최근 글로벌 시장에서의 경쟁은 개별기업 간 경쟁에서 기업 네트워크 간 경쟁으로 변화되고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 개별 벤처기업의 단독 해외시장의 진출은 매우 위험한 전략이라고 할 수 있으며 지속성장을 위해서는 선도기업과 초기 벤처기업 간 상생 협력 체계를 구축하여 해외시장에 동반 진출해야 할 필요가 있다.
Abstract
While the resource-based view suggests that a firm’s competitive advantage rests on a set of valuable, rare and inimitable resources more generally (Barney, 1991), research in new firms has more specially indicated a link between initial resources and early performance and survival (Bruderl and Schussler, 1990; Fichman and Levinthal, 1991; Carroll et al., 1996). The RBV primarily focuses on the particular resources, and their characteristics, that provide the potential for advantage (Conner, 1991). Yet in order to realize this advantage, organizations must not only develop their resources, but also effectively deploy them (Admit and Shoemaker, 1993). This suggests that advantage from resources may reside in both the input (resource development) side and the output (resource deployment) side. This research looks at venture survival as a function of both the resources a firm owns, and the resources it can access from others. We focus more specifically on technology resources, which are among a technology-based firm’s most critical resources (Itami, 1987). In addition, technological knowledge can contribute a large portion of the value of a firm’s products (Goodman and Lawless, 1994). We look at both the input and output side: the pool of technology resources that serve as an input to a firm’s activities, and the market that values and purchases the output of this activity. We take an international perspective, examining whether resources explain internationalization on the input and output side, and in turn, whether this internationalization can explain survival. We explore three sets of questions. First, can survival in entrepreneurial firms be explained as a function of the resources a firm owns, and beyond that, to those the firm can access, and still further, to those the firm can access internationally? Second, do resources explain internationalization on both the input and output side? And finally, does internationalization explain survival?Implications for theory include extending the RBV to not only include a firm’s resources, but its access to the resources of other entities. In addition, examining internationalization on both the input and output side enables us to understand not just the potential advantage of resources, but the manner in which they are deployed as a source of advantage. This research also contributes to the literature on international entrepreneurship by examining whether internationalization can explain survival for early stage firms. For practitioners, this research will provide insights on the importance of building alliances and, in so doing, broadening an organization’s perspective about the technology resources available to the firm on the input side. The study will also inform practitioners about the value of maximizing the market for a firm’s valuable resources. In addition, this research provides an extraordinary opportunity to access a large, comprehensive, and longitudinal dataset on technology-based ventures in Korea.
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