3년의 상[三年喪]과 상의 예[喪禮], 유관하지만 동주할 수 없는 개념 − 선진 유학에서의 예학적 관념을 중심으로 −

Abstract

In the Pre-Qin era(先秦時代) and during Han(漢) Dynasty, the letter ‘sāng(喪: missing, loss, grief, mourning)’ referred to the loss that could occur in the everyday life, such as the loss of a person, friendship, a valuable article, the territory that one used to own, and condolence ceremonies were held for the same reason. Xúnzǐ(荀子), who looked at lǐ(禮: Confucian rituals) from an institutional aspect, didn’t regard three-year mourning(三年喪: The Three years of Sāng(喪)) and lǐ(禮) as the same concepts which could be conducted simultaneously, which had been already expressed by Confucius(孔子). 『Zhūzi-jiālǐ(朱子家禮)』, which had been treated specially just like scriptures had been, made the notion of considering the three-year mourning to be included in the category of lǐ called ‘sānglǐ(喪禮) as it was’ firm and universal. While in 『Zhūzi-jiālǐ』, the whole three-year mourning fell under the category of sānglǐ, 「Shìsānglǐ(士喪禮)」 in 『Yílǐ(儀禮)』 and its appendix, a sacred book in the Pre-Qin era, only obituaries, condolence ceremonies, and, in a wider perspective, funerals and wailing during return rituals were covered. The law to make government officials go through the three-year mourning was created in the early days of the Xī Jìn(西晉) dynasty, which conceived the possibility that the grief naturally coming from the heart for three years could become standards and precepts. Regarding sāng(喪) discussed in the chapter of 「The Theories of Confucian Rituals(禮論)」 in 『Xúnzǐ(荀子)』, it was limited not to the whole three-year mourning but to the situation where sāng caused delegations from other nations or regions to move. 『Chūnqiū-Zuǒchuán(春秋左傳)』 was examined as a real case of the sānglǐ theory in 『Xúnzǐ』. In the book, it is written that condolence rituals and funerals are separate, independent rites, and that one wears jiāfú(嘉服: the costume for joyous rituals) for sānglǐ and a mourning dress for getting visitors for condolence. It means that the so-called costume for the ‘sāng ritual’ was not rough and loose one like zhǎncuī-fú(斬衰服 : mourning clothes made with the coarsest and unworked hemp thread, and without proper finish of clothes making, for example, no stitching of the lower cuffs).