본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

Molecular Defense Mechanisms during Urinary Tract Infection

2

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류비뇨기과학

초록

The urinary tract is a common site of infection. The complete mechanisms of urinary tract infection (UTI) are still unknown. In general, the strategies of the uropathogenic Escherichia coli are adherence, motility, iron acquisition, toxin, and evasion of host immunity. Host immune responses play a significant part in defense of UTI. Various antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) including defensins, cathelicidin, hepcidin, ribonuclease 7, lactoferrin, lipocalin, Tamm-Horsfall protein, and secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor help to prevent UTI by modulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role of microorganism identification in innate immunity. Stimulation of TLRs on the cell membrane by ligand of bacteria triggers production of inflammatory chemokines, cytokines, and AMPs. These mechanisms are an attempt to defend the urinary tract against UTI.

Abstract

The urinary tract is a common site of infection. The complete mechanisms of urinary tract infection (UTI) are still unknown. In general, the strategies of the uropathogenic Escherichia coli are adherence, motility, iron acquisition, toxin, and evasion of host immunity. Host immune responses play a significant part in defense of UTI. Various antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) including defensins, cathelicidin, hepcidin, ribonuclease 7, lactoferrin, lipocalin, Tamm-Horsfall protein, and secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor help to prevent UTI by modulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role of microorganism identification in innate immunity. Stimulation of TLRs on the cell membrane by ligand of bacteria triggers production of inflammatory chemokines, cytokines, and AMPs. These mechanisms are an attempt to defend the urinary tract against UTI.

참고문헌 (99)

  1. Foxman B, "Epidemiology of urinary tract infections: incidence, morbidity, and economic costs", Dis Mon, 49, pp.53~70 (2003)
  2. Finer G, "Pathogenesis of urinary tract infections with normal female anatomy", Lancet Infect Dis, 4, pp.631~635 (2004)
  3. Hooton TM, "The current management strategies for community-acquired urinary tract infection", Infect Dis Clin North Am, 17, pp.303~332 (2003)
  4. Hooton TM, "Uncomplicated urinary tract infection", N Engl J Med, 366, pp.1028~1037 (2012)
  5. Nicolle LE, "Complicated urinary tract infection in adults", Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol, 16, pp.349~360 (2005)
  6. Ragnarsdottir B, "Susceptibility to acute pyelonephritis or asymptomatic bacteriuria: host-pathogen interaction in urinary tract infections", Pediatr Nephrol, 27, pp.2017~2029 (2012)
  7. Hooton TM, "A prospective study of risk factors for symptomatic urinary tract infection in young women", N Engl J Med, 335, pp.468~474 (1996)
  8. Stapleton AE, "Urinary tract infection in women: new pathogenic considerations", Curr Infect Dis Rep, 8, pp.465~472 (2006)
  9. Lidin-Janson G, "Comparison of Escherichia coli from bacteriuric patients with those from feces of healthy schoolchildren", J Infect Dis, 136, pp.346~353 (1977)
  10. Welch RA, "Extensive mosaic structure revealed by the complete genome sequence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99, pp.17020~17024 (2002)
  11. Roos V, "Asymptomatic bacteriuria Escherichia coli strain 83972 carries mutations in the foc locus and is unable to express F1C fimbriae", Microbiology, 152, pp.1799~1806 (2006)
  12. Eden CS, "Variable adherence to normal human urinary-tract epithelial cells of Escherichia coli strains associated with various forms of urinary-tract infection", Lancet, 1, pp.490~492 (1976)
  13. Cirl C, "Subversion of Toll-like receptor signaling by a unique family of bacterial Toll", interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing proteins, 2008, pp.14, 399~406
  14. Nielubowicz GR, "Host-pathogen interactions in urinary tract infection", Nat Rev Urol, 7, pp.430~441 (2010)
  15. Baorto DM, "Survival of FimH-expressing enterobacteria in macrophages relies on glycolipid traffic", Nature, 389, pp.636~639 (1997)
  16. Schwartz DJ, "Positively selected FimH residues enhance virulence during urinary tract infection by altering FimH conformation", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 110, pp.15530~15537 (2013)
  17. Leffler H, "Glycolipid receptors for uropathogenic Escherichia coli on human erythrocytes and uroepithelial cells", Infect Immun, 34, pp.920~929 (1981)
  18. Bergsten G, "PapG-dependent adherence breaks mucosal inertia and triggers the innate host response", J Infect Dis, 189, pp.1734~1742 (2004)
  19. Pere A, "Expression of P, type-1, and type-1C fimbriae of Escherichia coli in the urine of patients with acute urinary tract infection", J Infect Dis, 156, pp.567~574 (1987)
  20. Goluszko P, "Development of experimental model of chronic pyelonephritis with Escherichia coli O75:K5:Hbearing Dr fimbriae: mutation in the dra region prevented tubulointerstitial nephritis", J Clin Invest, 99, pp.1662~1672 (1997)
  21. Buckles EL, "Identification and characterization of a novel uropathogenic Escherichia coli-associated fimbrial gene cluster", Infect Immun, 72, pp.3890~3901 (2004)
  22. Valle J, "UpaG, a new member of the trimeric autotransporter family of adhesins in uropathogenic Escherichia coli", J Bacteriol, 190, pp.4147~4161 (2008)
  23. Lane MC, "Role of motility in the colonization of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in the urinary tract", Infect Immun, 73, pp.7644~7656 (2005)
  24. Snyder JA, "Transcriptome of uropathogenic Escherichia coli during urinary tract infection", Infect Immun, 72, pp.6373~6381 (2004)
  25. Lane MC, "Expression of flagella is coincident with uropathogenic Escherichia coli ascension to the upper urinary tract", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104, pp.16669~16674 (2007)
  26. Hagan EC, "Haem acquisition is facilitated by anovel receptor Hma and required by uropathogenic Escherichia coli for kidney infection", Mol Microbiol, 71, pp.79~91 (2009)
  27. Sabri M, "Roles of the extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli ZnuACB and ZupT zinc transporters during urinary tract infection", Infect Immun, 77, pp.1155~1164 (2009)
  28. Henderson IR, "Type V protein secretion pathway: the autotransporter story", Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 68, pp.692~744 (2004)
  29. Danese PN, "The outer membrane protein, antigen 43, mediates cell-to-cell interactions within Escherichia coli biofilms", Mol Microbiol, 37, pp.424~432 (2000)
  30. Allsopp LP, "Functional heterogeneity of the UpaH autotransporter protein from uropathogenic Escherichia coli", J Bacteriol, 194, pp.5769~5782 (2012)
  31. Boehm DF, "Calcium is required for binding of Escherichia coli hemolysin (HlyA) to erythrocyte membranes", Infect Immun, 58, pp.1951~1958 (1990)
  32. Trifillis AL, "Binding to and killing of human renal epithelial cells by hemolytic P-fimbriated E. coli", Kidney Int, 46, pp.1083~1091 (1994)
  33. Smith YC, "Hemolysin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli evokes extensive shedding of the uroepithelium and hemorrhage in bladder tissue within the first 24 hours after intraurethral inoculation of mice", Infect Immun, 76, pp.2978~2990 (2008)
  34. Boquet P, "The cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) from Escherichia coli", Toxicon, 39, pp.1673~1680 (2001)
  35. Mills M, "Cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 of uropathogenic Escherichia coli kills cultured human uroepithelial 5637 cells by an apoptotic mechanism", Infect Immun, 68, pp.5869~5880 (2000)
  36. Rippere-Lampe KE, "Mutation of the gene encoding cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (cnf(1)) attenuates the virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli", Infect Immun, 69, pp.3954~3964 (2001)
  37. Wiles TJ, "Use of zebrafish to probe the divergent virulence potentials and toxin requirements of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli", PLoS Pathog, 5, pp.e1000697~ (2009)
  38. Guyer DM, "Sat, the secreted autotransporter toxin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli, is a vacuolating cytotoxin for bladder and kidney epithelial cells", Infect Immun, 70, pp.4539~4546 (2002)
  39. Heimer SR, "Autotransporter genes pic and tsh are associated with Escherichia coli strains that cause acute pyelonephritis and are expressed during urinary tract infection", Infect Immun, 72, pp.593~597 (2004)
  40. Goetz DH, "The neutrophil lipocalin NGAL is a bacteriostatic agent that interferes with siderophore-mediated iron acquisition", Mol Cell, 10, pp.1033~1043 (2002)
  41. Smith KD, "Iron metabolism at the host pathogen interface: lipocalin 2 and the pathogen-associated iroA gene cluster", Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 39, pp.1776~1780 (2007)
  42. Lloyd AL, "Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Suppresses the host inflammatory response via pathogenicity island genes sisA and sisB", Infect Immun, 77, pp.5322~5333 (2009)
  43. Ali AS, "Maintaining a sterile urinary tract: the role of antimicrobial peptides", J Urol, 182, pp.21~28 (2009)
  44. Almeida PF, "Mechanisms of antimicrobial, cytolytic, and cell-penetrating peptides: from kinetics to thermodynamics", Biochemistry, 48, pp.8083~8093 (2009)
  45. Zasloff M, "Antimicrobial peptides, innate immunity, and the normally sterile urinary tract", J Am Soc Nephrol, 18, pp.2810~2816 (2007)
  46. Splith K, "Antimicrobial peptides with cell- penetrating peptide properties and vice versa", Eur Biophys J, 40, pp.387~397 (2011)
  47. Yeaman MR, "Mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide action and resistance", Pharmacol Rev, 55, pp.27~55 (2003)
  48. Lehrer RI, "Defensins: antimicrobial and cytotoxic peptides of mammalian cells", Annu Rev Immunol, 11, pp.105~128 (1993)
  49. Liu L, "The human beta-defensin-1 and alpha-defensins are encoded by adjacent genes: two peptide families with differing disulfide topology share a common ancestry", Genomics, 43, pp.316~320 (1997)
  50. Linzmeier RM, "Human defensin gene copy number polymorphisms: comprehensive analysis of independent variation in alpha- and beta-defensin regions at 8p22-p23", Genomics, 86, pp.423~430 (2005)
  51. Selsted ME, "Mammalian defensins in the antimicrobial immune response", Nat Immunol, 6, pp.551~557 (2005)
  52. Ganz T, "Defensins: antimicrobial peptides of innate immunity", Nat Rev Immunol, 3, pp.710~720 (2003)
  53. Ihi T, "Elevated concentrations of human neutrophil peptides in plasma, blood, and body fluids from patients with infections", Clin Infect Dis, 25, pp.1134~1140 (1997)
  54. Tikhonov I, "A study of interleukin-8 and defensins in urine and plasma of patients with pyelonephritis and glomerulonephritis", Nephrol Dial Transplant, 12, pp.2557~2561 (1997)
  55. Bevins CL, "Paneth cell defensins: key effector molecules of innate immunity", Biochem Soc Trans, 34, pp.263~266 (2006)
  56. Dugan AS, "Human alpha-defensins inhibit BK virus infection by aggregating virions and blocking binding to host cells", J Biol Chem, 283, pp.31125~31132 (2008)
  57. Smith JG, "Mechanism of adenovirus neutralization by Human alpha-defensins", Cell Host Microbe, 3, pp.11~19 (2008)
  58. Furci L, "New role for human -defensin 5 in the fight against hypervirulent Clostridium difficile strains", Infect Immun, 83, pp.986~995 (2015)
  59. Spencer JD, "Human alpha defensin 5 expression in the human kidney and urinary tract", PLoS One, 7, pp.e31712~ (2012)
  60. MacRedmond R, "Respiratory epithelial cells require Toll-like receptor 4 for induction of human beta-defensin 2 by lipopolysaccharide", Respir Res, 6, pp.116~ (2005)
  61. Valore EV, "Human beta-defensin-1: an antimicrobial peptide of urogenital tissues", J Clin Invest, 101, pp.1633~1642 (1998)
  62. Schroeder BO, "Reduction of disulphide bonds unmasks potent antimicrobial activity of human-defensin 1", Nature, 469, pp.419~423 (2011)
  63. Chen X, "Antimicrobial peptides human beta-defensin (hBD)-3 and hBD-4 activate mast cells and increase skin vascular permeability", Eur J Immunol, 37, pp.434~444 (2007)
  64. Fattorini L, "Activity of 16 antimicrobial agents against drug- resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis", Microb Drug Resist, 5, pp.265~270 (1999)
  65. Agerberth B, "The human antimicrobial and chemotactic peptides LL-37 and alpha-defensins are expressed by specific lymphocyte and monocyte populations", Blood, 96, pp.3086~3093 (2000)
  66. Woo JS, "Expression of cathelicidin in human salivary glands", Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 129, pp.211~214 (2003)
  67. Kai-Larsen Y, "The role of the multifunctional peptide LL-37 in host defense", Front Biosci, 13, pp.3760~3767 (2008)
  68. Chromek M, "The antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin protects the urinary tract against invasive bacterial infection", Nat Med, 12, pp.636~641 (2006)
  69. Crack LR, "Human antimicrobial peptides LL-37 and human-defensin-2 reduce viral replication in keratinocytes infected with varicella zoster virus", Clin Exp Dermatol, 37, pp.534~543 (2012)
  70. Weinstein DA, "Inappropriate expression of hepcidin is associated with iron refractory anemia: implications for the anemia of chronic disease", Blood, 100, pp.3776~3781 (2002)
  71. Park CH, "Hepcidin, a urinary antimicrobial peptide synthesized in the liver", J Biol Chem, 276, pp.7806~7810 (2001)
  72. Harder J, "RNase 7, a novel innate immune defense antimicrobial protein of healthy human skin", J Biol Chem, 277, pp.46779~46784 (2002)
  73. Spencer JD, "Ribonuclease 7, an antimicrobial peptide upregulated during infection, contributes to microbial defense of the human urinary tract", Kidney Int, 83, pp.615~625 (2013)
  74. Abrink M, "Expression of lactoferrin in the kidney: implications for innate immunity and iron metabolism", Kidney Int, 57, pp.2004~2010 (2000)
  75. Flo TH, "Lipocalin 2 mediates an innate immune response to bacterial infection by sequestrating iron", Nature, 432, pp.917~921 (2004)
  76. Berger T, "Lipocalin 2-deficient mice exhibit increased sensitivity to Escherichia coli infection but not to ischemia-reperfusion injury", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 103, pp.1834~1839 (2006)
  77. Reinhart HH, "Quantitation of urinary Tamm-Horsfall protein in children with urinary tract infection", Eur Urol, 22, pp.194~199 (1992)
  78. Ohlsson S, "Novel distribution of the secretory leucocyte proteinase inhibitor in kidney", Mediators Inflamm, 10, pp.347~350 (2001)
  79. Hiemstra PS, "Antibacterial activity of antileukoprotease", Infect Immun, 64, pp.4520~4524 (1996)
  80. Haversen LA, "Human lactoferrin and peptides derived from a surface-exposed helical region reduce experimental Escherichia coli urinary tract infection in mice", Infect Immun, 68, pp.5816~5823 (2000)
  81. Urology, "Modulating the internalization of bacille Calmette-Guerin by cathelicidin in bladder cancer cells", 85, pp.964~ (2015)
  82. Hertting O, "Vitamin D induction of the human antimicrobial Peptide cathelicidin in the urinary bladder", PLoS One, 5, pp.e15580~ (2010)
  83. Rivas-Santiago CE, "Induction of -defensins by l-isoleucine as novel immunotherapy in experimental murine tuberculosis", Clin Exp Immunol, 164, pp.80~89 (2011)
  84. Schwab M, "Role of nuclear hormone receptors in butyrate-mediated up-regulation of the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin in epithelial colorectal cells", Mol Immunol, 44, pp.2107~2114 (2007)
  85. Luthje P, "Estrogenic action on innate defense mechanisms in the urinary tract", Maturitas, 77, pp.32~36 (2014)
  86. Brancatisano FL, "Inhibitory effect of the human liver-derived antimicrobial peptide hepcidin 20 on biofilms of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA)-positive and PIA-negative strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis", Biofouling, 30, pp.435~446 (2014)
  87. Minardi D, "The antimicrobial peptide tachyplesin III coated alone and in combination with intraperitoneal piperacillintazobactam prevents ureteral stent Pseudomonas infection in a rat subcutaneous pouch model", Peptides, 28, pp.2293~2298 (2007)
  88. Gao G, "The biocompatibility and biofilm resistance of implant coatings based on hydrophilic polymer brushes conjugated with antimicrobial peptides", Biomaterials, 32, pp.3899~3909 (2011)
  89. Song J, "TLR-mediated immune responses in the urinary tract", Curr Opin Microbiol, 11, pp.66~73 (2008)
  90. Tsuboi N, "Roles of toll-like receptors in C-C chemokine production by renal tubular epithelial cells", J Immunol, 169, pp.2026~2033 (2002)
  91. Hung CC, "Upregulation of chemokine CXCL1", KC by leptospiral membrane lipoprotein preparation in renal tubule epithelial cells, 2006, pp.69, 1814~1822
  92. Chassin C, "Renal collecting duct epithelial cells react to pyelonephritis-associated Escherichia coli by activating distinct TLR4-dependent and -independent inflammatory pathways", J Immunol, 177, pp.4773~4784 (2006)
  93. Andersen-Nissen E, "Cutting edge: Tlr5-", - mice are more susceptible to Escherichia coli urinary tract infection, 2007, pp.178, 4717~4720
  94. Hayashi T, "Intravesical Toll-like receptor 7 agonist R-837: optimization of its formulation in an orthotopic mouse model of bladder cancer", Int J Urol, 17, pp.483~490 (2010)
  95. Andreoni G, "Multiplication of Toxoplasma gondii strain RH in cellular cultures of human amnion and of monkey kidney", Minerva Ginecol, 17, pp.785~787 (1965)
  96. Zhang D, "A toll-like receptor that prevents infection by uropathogenic bacteria", Science, 303, pp.1522~1526 (2004)
  97. Gluba A, "The role of Toll-like receptors in renal diseases", Nat Rev Nephrol, 6, pp.224~235 (2010)
  98. Thumbikat P, "Antigen-specific responses accelerate bacterial clearance in the bladder", J Immunol, 176, pp.3080~3086 (2006)
  99. Song J, "Innate and adaptive immune responses in the urinary tract", Eur J Clin Invest, 2(Suppl 2), pp.21~28 (2008)

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (9건)