국내 밀 유전자원 주요 형질 유전자 변이 분석과 군집특성 비교
Genotypic Variation and Phenotypic Clustering of 515 Korean Wheat Germplasm Based on Agronomic and Grain Traits
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A comprehensive evaluation of 515 Korean wheat germplasms, including cultivars,experimental lines, and landraces, was conducted over 2 years under upland field conditionsto characterize major agronomic and grain traits. Allelic variation at 13 key functionalloci was assessed using Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) and PCR-based markers. The winter-type vrn-A1 with a single copy (CNV=1; 40.2%) advanced heading by approximately5 days compared to multiple-copy genotypes, and winter-type vrn-B1 (88.5%) advancedheading by 2 days compared to the spring-type. The photoperiod-insensitive allelesPpd-B1a (5.6%) and Ppd-D1a (76.3%) advanced heading by 3 and 4 days, respectively, witha combined effect of up to 6 days. Semi-dwarfing alleles Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b showedreduced culm lengths of 2.1 cm and 4.7 cm, respectively, and the Rht-B1a/Rht-D1b genotypewas 6 cm shorter than Rht-B1a/Rht-D1a. The Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a genotype hadthe lowest kernel hardness value (32.2), whereas Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a had the highest(60.5). The thousand kernel weight ranged from 36.1 mg to 42.5 mg depending on the alleliccombinations of TaCwi-A1, TaGW2-6A, and TaSus2-2B. Cultivars and experimentallines were clearly distinguished from landraces based on phenotype-based clustering,with the majority of cultivars (81.6%) and experimental lines (68.3%) grouped into clusterIII. In contrast, landraces were predominantly distributed in clusters I (55.1%) and II (29.2%). Random forest analysis identified four genes, Ppd-D1, Pina-D1, Pinb-D1, and WAPO-A1,as major contributors to cluster classification. Cluster III was highly enriched with alleles favorablefor earliness (Ppd-D1a, 98.3%) and grain hardness (Pina-D1b and Pinb-D1b, 57.9%). WAPO-A1b, an allele associated with an increased spikelet number per spike, was morefrequently observed in clusters I (94.6%) and II (79.1%) than in cluster III (58.4%).
Abstract
A comprehensive evaluation of 515 Korean wheat germplasms, including cultivars,experimental lines, and landraces, was conducted over 2 years under upland field conditionsto characterize major agronomic and grain traits. Allelic variation at 13 key functionalloci was assessed using Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) and PCR-based markers. The winter-type vrn-A1 with a single copy (CNV=1; 40.2%) advanced heading by approximately5 days compared to multiple-copy genotypes, and winter-type vrn-B1 (88.5%) advancedheading by 2 days compared to the spring-type. The photoperiod-insensitive allelesPpd-B1a (5.6%) and Ppd-D1a (76.3%) advanced heading by 3 and 4 days, respectively, witha combined effect of up to 6 days. Semi-dwarfing alleles Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b showedreduced culm lengths of 2.1 cm and 4.7 cm, respectively, and the Rht-B1a/Rht-D1b genotypewas 6 cm shorter than Rht-B1a/Rht-D1a. The Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a genotype hadthe lowest kernel hardness value (32.2), whereas Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a had the highest(60.5). The thousand kernel weight ranged from 36.1 mg to 42.5 mg depending on the alleliccombinations of TaCwi-A1, TaGW2-6A, and TaSus2-2B. Cultivars and experimentallines were clearly distinguished from landraces based on phenotype-based clustering,with the majority of cultivars (81.6%) and experimental lines (68.3%) grouped into clusterIII. In contrast, landraces were predominantly distributed in clusters I (55.1%) and II (29.2%). Random forest analysis identified four genes, Ppd-D1, Pina-D1, Pinb-D1, and WAPO-A1,as major contributors to cluster classification. Cluster III was highly enriched with alleles favorablefor earliness (Ppd-D1a, 98.3%) and grain hardness (Pina-D1b and Pinb-D1b, 57.9%). WAPO-A1b, an allele associated with an increased spikelet number per spike, was morefrequently observed in clusters I (94.6%) and II (79.1%) than in cluster III (58.4%).