The Psychological Impact of Quarantine during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study
1
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Objective: This study assessed the psychological impact of quarantine during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Methods: A total of 2080 participants filled the self-report questionnaire from March 17 to April 20, 2020 in Daegu, Republic of Korea. An online link was sent to currently or previously quarantined participants. The self-report questionnaire included patient health questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9), generalized anxiety disorder–7 (GAD-7), primary care post-traumatic stress disorder screen for diagnostic and statistical manual-5 (PTSD-PC), state-trait anger expression inventory (STAXI), and P4 suicidality screener scale (P4). PHQ-9 score of 5 or more and 9 or less indicates mild to moderate depressive symptoms, and 10 or more indicates severe depressive symptoms; A GAD-7 score of 5 or more and 14 or less indicates mild to moderate anxiety symptoms, and a score of 15 or more indicates severe anxiety symptoms; A PTSD-PC-5 score of 2 indicates mild to moderate PTSD; a score of 3 or higher indicates severe PTSD; A STAXI score of 14 or higher indicates severe anger symptoms; In P4, the cut-off points for each self-report questionnaire were set as mild suicidal thoughts at 1 point or more and 2 points or less, and severe suicide thoughts at 3 or more points. Logistic regression analyses were used to explore COVID-19–related risk factors. Results: The prevalence of mental health symptoms among the survey respondents was at 52.5% for depression, 44.5% for anxiety, 39.4% for post-traumatic stress, 31.6% for anger, and 10.9% for suicidal ideation. Participants with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 family members showed a high risk for symptoms of anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and anger. Participants with financial loss had increased symptoms of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, anger, and suicidal ideation. Participants with a history of medical/psychiatric illnesses reported more symptoms of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, anger, and suicidal ideation. Having inadequate basic supplies during quarantine was associated with negative mental health outcomes. Conclusion: Quarantine had a negative psychological impact on all five mental health factors. The risk of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, anger, and suicidality increased among those who suffered from financial losses due to COVID-19. The associated risk factors will help identify populations at risk for mental health problems and implement mental health intervention policies.
Abstract
Objective: This study assessed the psychological impact of quarantine during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. Methods: A total of 2080 participants filled the self-report questionnaire from March 17 to April 20, 2020 in Daegu, Republic of Korea. An online link was sent to currently or previously quarantined participants. The self-report questionnaire included patient health questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9), generalized anxiety disorder–7 (GAD-7), primary care post-traumatic stress disorder screen for diagnostic and statistical manual-5 (PTSD-PC), state-trait anger expression inventory (STAXI), and P4 suicidality screener scale (P4). PHQ-9 score of 5 or more and 9 or less indicates mild to moderate depressive symptoms, and 10 or more indicates severe depressive symptoms; A GAD-7 score of 5 or more and 14 or less indicates mild to moderate anxiety symptoms, and a score of 15 or more indicates severe anxiety symptoms; A PTSD-PC-5 score of 2 indicates mild to moderate PTSD; a score of 3 or higher indicates severe PTSD; A STAXI score of 14 or higher indicates severe anger symptoms; In P4, the cut-off points for each self-report questionnaire were set as mild suicidal thoughts at 1 point or more and 2 points or less, and severe suicide thoughts at 3 or more points. Logistic regression analyses were used to explore COVID-19–related risk factors. Results: The prevalence of mental health symptoms among the survey respondents was at 52.5% for depression, 44.5% for anxiety, 39.4% for post-traumatic stress, 31.6% for anger, and 10.9% for suicidal ideation. Participants with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 family members showed a high risk for symptoms of anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and anger. Participants with financial loss had increased symptoms of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, anger, and suicidal ideation. Participants with a history of medical/psychiatric illnesses reported more symptoms of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, anger, and suicidal ideation. Having inadequate basic supplies during quarantine was associated with negative mental health outcomes. Conclusion: Quarantine had a negative psychological impact on all five mental health factors. The risk of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, anger, and suicidality increased among those who suffered from financial losses due to COVID-19. The associated risk factors will help identify populations at risk for mental health problems and implement mental health intervention policies.
참고문헌 (40)
- Singhal T, "A review of coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)", Indian J Pediatr, 87, pp.281~286 (2020)
- Meyerowitz-Katz G, "A systematic review and meta-analysis of published research data on COVID-19 infection fatality rates", Int J Infect Dis, 101, pp.138~148 (2020)
- "WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19"[URL]
- Anand KB, "SARS-CoV-2: Camazotz’s Curse", Med J Armed Forces India, 76, pp.136~141 (2020)
- Pulla P, "Covid-19 : India imposes lockdown for 21 days and cases rise", BMJ, 26, pp.1251~ (2020)
- Rubin GJ, "The psychological effects of quarantining a city", BMJ, 368, pp.313~ (2020)
- Ayittey FK, "Economic impacts of Wuhan 2019 nCoV on China and the world", J Med Virol, 92, pp.473~475 (2020)
- Chaves C, "The impact of economic recessions on depression and individual and social well-being : the case of Spain(2006-2013)", Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 53, pp.977~986 (2018)
- Greenberg N, "Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic", BMJ, 368, pp.1211~ (2020)
- Asmundson GJ, "Coronaphobia : fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak", J Anxiety Disord, 70, pp.102196~ (2020)
- Brooks SK, "The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it : rapid review of the evidence", Lancet, 395, pp.912~920 (2020)
- Jones C, "Psychological morbidity following critical illness-the rationale for care after intensive care", Clin Intensive Care, 9, pp.199~205 (1998)
- Siu JY, "The SARS-associated stigma of SARS victims in the post-SARS era of Hong Kong", Qual Health Res, 18, pp.729~738 (2008)
- Xiang YT, "Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed", Lancet Psychiatry, 7, pp.228~229 (2020)
- Rogers JP, "Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections : a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic", Lancet Psychiatry, 7, pp.611~627 (2020)
- Nguyen HC, "People with suspected COVID-19 symptoms were more likely depressed and had lower health-related quality of life : the potential benefit of health literacy", J Clin Med, 9, pp.965~ (2020)
- Bo HX, "Posttraumatic stress symptoms and attitude toward crisis mental health services among clinically stable patients with COVID-19 in China", Psychol Med, 51, pp.1052~1053 (2021)
- 현진희, "Psychosocial Support during the COVID-19 Outbreak in Korea: Activities of Multidisciplinary Mental Health Professionals", Journal of Korean Medical Science, 35(22), pp.1~13 (2020), 대한의학회[DOI]
- Kroenke K, "The PHQ-9 : validity of a brief depression severity measure", J Gen Intern Med, 16, pp.606~613 (2001)
- Choi HS, "Standardization of the Korean version of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 as a screening instrument for major depressive disorder", J Korean Acad Fam Med, 28, pp.114~119 (2007)
- 이승현, "우울장애 선별 시 한글판 Patient Health Questionnaire-9의 기준점수(Cut-Off Point)에 대한 타당도 연구", Mood and Emotion, 12(1), pp.32~36 (2014), 대한우울조울병학회
- Spitzer RL, "A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder : the GAD-7", Arch Intern Med, 166, pp.1092~1097 (2006)
- Seo JG, "Validation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7(GAD-7)and GAD-2 in patients with migraine", J Headache Pain, 16, pp.97~ (2015)
- Prins A, "The primary care PTSD screen for DSM-5(PC-PTSD-5) : development and evaluation within a veteran primary care sample", J Gen Intern Med, 31, pp.1206~1211 (2016)
- 정영은, "A Brief Screening Tool for PTSD: Validation of the Korean Version of the Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (K-PC-PTSD-5)", Journal of Korean Medical Science, 33(52), pp.1~5 (2018), 대한의학회
- Spielberger CD, "State-trait anger expression inventory: professional manual", Psychological Assessment resources, ~ (1988)
- Dube P, "The p4 screener : evaluation of a brief measure for assessing potential suicide risk in 2 randomized effectiveness trials of primary care and oncology patients", Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry, 12, pp.1~8 (2010)
- Hong JW, "The prevalence of and factors associated with depressive symptoms in the Korean adults : the 2014 and 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey", Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 56, pp.659~670 (2021)
- Wang C, "Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease(COVID-19)epidemic among the general population in China", Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17, pp.1729~ (2020)
- Mazza C, "A nationwide survey of psychological distress among italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic : Immediate psychological responses and associated factors", Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17, pp.3165~ (2020)
- Park SC, "Secondary emotional reactions to the COVID-19 outbreak should be identified and treated in Korea", J Korean Med Sci, 35, pp.e161~ (2020)
- Lei L, "Comparison of prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression among people affected by versus people unaffected by quarantine during the COVID-19 epidemic in southwestern China", Med Sci Monit, 26, pp.1~12 (2020)
- Hawryluck L, "SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada", Emerg Infect Dis, 10, pp.1206~1212 (2004)
- Jeong H, "Mental health status of people isolated due to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome", Epidemiol Health, 38, pp.e2016048~ (2016)
- Creese B, "Loneliness, physical activity, and mental health during COVID-19: a longitudinal analysis of depression and anxiety in adults over the age of 50 between 2015 and 2020", Int Psychogeriatr, 33, pp.505~514 (2021)
- Emami A, "Prevalence of underlying diseases in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 : a systematic review and meta-analysis", Arch Acad Emerg Med, 8, pp.e35~ (2020)
- Ozamiz-Etxebarria N, "Stress, anxiety, and depression levels in the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in a population sample in the northern Spain", Cad Saude Publica, 36, pp.e00054020~ (2020)
- Ho CS, "Mental health strategies to combat the psychological impact of COVID-19 beyond paranoia and panic", Ann Acad Med Singap, 49, pp.155~160 (2020)
- Hao F, "Do psychiatric patients experience more psychiatric symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown? A case-control study with service and research implications for immunopsychiatry", Brain Behav Immun, 87, pp.100~106 (2020)
- Yao H, "Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic", Lancet Psychiatry, 7, pp.e21~ (2020)