中晚明的讲会运动与阳明学的庶民化
Lectures Movement in the Mid-late Ming Dynasty and the Civilianization of the Yang-Ming Study
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초록
明代讲会，除了学术性较强的讲学聚会，还有颇显庶民性、宗族性特征的所谓“乡会”。当时乡会的社会管理功能已超过了讲学教化，其学术性、精英性也已逐渐让位于庶民性、宗族性。如果说随举之“会”的特征在于它的群众性，那么书院之“讲”的特征便在于它的精英性，而无论群众式的随举之会还是精英式的书院之讲，其目的都是为了崇德教化、净化社会。阳明学在中晚明的突出面向是从精英到草根的转向与变异。这一转化过程主要发生在远离政治中心的江右地区和其它边缘地区。尽管在阳明学的草根化的转化过程中，还同时存在着政治精英化的倾向，但就中国思想史的主体而言，阳明学的草根化要明显强于它的知识精英化，而且较之其政治精英化，其草根化的趋势或许更具颠覆性的意义。
Abstract
Except for the strong academic Jianghui (gathering for collective learning), there was the“Xiang hui”(the township conference) featured of civilianization and clans in Ming dynasty. At that time, the function of the“Xiang hui”, social administration had exceeded giving lectures and edification. And the characters of academy and elitist had yielded to the civilianization and clans. If we say that the character of the“Xiang hui”was the civilianization, the academy lectures, on the other hand indicated in the character of elitist. However, these two kinds of lectures had the same purpose, which was to advocate moral edification, and to purify society. Another character of Yang-Ming study in this period was the turning and the changing from the elite to the folk, which could be manifested in those areas far from the political center, such as the Jiangyou area and the other periphery areas. And as for the Chinese ideological history on the whole, the main transform was civilianization rather than the intelligence elitist, in spite of the political elite trend existence in the folk transformation of Yang-Ming study. Moreover, it’s probably that the civilianization trend has the subversive implication compared with political elitist.
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