Cohort Study of Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Post Menopausal Women
1
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
OBJECTIVES: The present study assessed more than 800 potential risk factors to identify new predictors of breast cancer and compare the independence and relative importance of established risk factors. METHODS: Data were collected by the Women’s Health Initiative and included 147,202 women ages 50 to 79 who were enrolled from 1993 to 1998 and followed for 8 years. Analyses performed in 2011 and 2012used the Cox proportional hazard regression to test the association between more than 800 baseline risk factors and incident breast cancer. RESULTS: Baseline factors independently associated with subsequent breast cancer at the p<0.001 level (in decreasing order of statistical significance) were breast aspiration, family history, age, weight, history of breast biopsies, estrogen and progestin use, fewer live births, greater age at menopause, history of thyroid cancer,breast tenderness, digitalis use, alcohol intake, white race, not restless, no vaginal dryness, relative with prostate cancer, colon polyps, smoking, no breast augmentation, and no osteoporosis. Risk factors previously reported that were not independently associated with breast cancer in the present study included socioeconomic status, months of breast feeding, age at first birth, adiposity measures, adult weight gain, timing of initiation of hormone therapy, and several dietary, psychological, and exercise variables. Family history was not found to alter the risk associated with other factors. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that some risk factors not commonly studied may be important for breast cancer and some frequently cited risk factors may be relatively unimportant or secondary.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The present study assessed more than 800 potential risk factors to identify new predictors of breast cancer and compare the independence and relative importance of established risk factors. METHODS: Data were collected by the Women’s Health Initiative and included 147,202 women ages 50 to 79 who were enrolled from 1993 to 1998 and followed for 8 years. Analyses performed in 2011 and 2012used the Cox proportional hazard regression to test the association between more than 800 baseline risk factors and incident breast cancer. RESULTS: Baseline factors independently associated with subsequent breast cancer at the p<0.001 level (in decreasing order of statistical significance) were breast aspiration, family history, age, weight, history of breast biopsies, estrogen and progestin use, fewer live births, greater age at menopause, history of thyroid cancer,breast tenderness, digitalis use, alcohol intake, white race, not restless, no vaginal dryness, relative with prostate cancer, colon polyps, smoking, no breast augmentation, and no osteoporosis. Risk factors previously reported that were not independently associated with breast cancer in the present study included socioeconomic status, months of breast feeding, age at first birth, adiposity measures, adult weight gain, timing of initiation of hormone therapy, and several dietary, psychological, and exercise variables. Family history was not found to alter the risk associated with other factors. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that some risk factors not commonly studied may be important for breast cancer and some frequently cited risk factors may be relatively unimportant or secondary.
참고문헌 (40)
- Design of the Women’s Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study, "The Women’s Health Initiative Study Group", Control Clin Trials, 19, pp.61~109 (1998)
- Grossmann ME, "Obesity and breast cancer: status of leptin and adiponectin in pathological processes", Cancer Metastasis Rev, 29, pp.641~653 (2010)
- Swanson CA, "Body size and breast cancer risk among women under age 45 years", Am J Epidemiol, 143, pp.698~706 (1996)
- "Breast cancer facts & figures 2007-2008"[URL]
- Dupont WD, "Risk factors for breast cancer in women with proliferative breast disease", N Engl J Med, 312, pp.146~151 (1985)
- Clavel-Chapelon F; E3N Group, "Cumulative number of menstrual cycles and breast cancer risk: results from the E3N cohort study of French women", Cancer Causes Control, 13, pp.831~838 (2002)
- Navab A, "Estrogen-like activity of digitalis: its effect on the squamous epithelium of the female genital tract", JAMA, 194, pp.30~32 (1965)
- Hachul H, "Estrogen therapy reduces nocturnal periodic limb movements", Maturitas, 58, pp.319~322 (2007)
- Polo-Kantola P, "When does estrogen replacement therapy improve sleep quality?", Am J Obstet Gynecol, 178, pp.1002~1009 (1998)
- Egan KM, "The relation of breast size to breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women (United States)", Cancer Causes Control, 10, pp.115~118 (1999)
- Hsieh CC, "Breast size, handedness and breast cancer risk", Eur J Cancer, 27(2), pp.131~135 (1991)
- Ron E, "Cancer risks from medical radiation", Health Phys, 85, pp.47~59 (2003)
- Gail MH, "Projecting individualized probabilities of developing breast cancer for white females who are being examined annually", J Natl Cancer Inst, 81, pp.1879~1886 (1989)
- McPherson K, "ABC of breast diseases. Breast cancer-epidemiology, risk factors, and genetics", BMJ, 321, pp.624~628 (2000)
- Hiatt RA, "Alcohol and breast cancer", Prev Med, 17, pp.683~685 (1988)
- Harris RE, "Studies of breast cancer and alcohol consumption", Prev Med, 17, pp.676~682 (1988)
- Cauley JA, "Risk factors for breast cancer in older women: the relative contribution of bone mineral density and other established risk factors", Breast Cancer Res Treat, 102, pp.181~188 (2007)
- Smigal C, "Trends in breast cancer by race and ethnicity: update 2006", CA Cancer J Clin, 56, pp.168~183 (2006)
- Beebe-Dimmer JL, "Association between family history of prostate and breast cancer among African-American men with prostate cancer", Urology, 68, pp.1072~1076 (2006)
- Eldon BJ, "Familial risk of prostate cancer in Iceland", BJU Int, 92, pp.915~919 (2003)
- Brown AP, "The risk of second primary malignancies up to three decades after the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 93, pp.504~515 (2008)
- Goldman MB, "Radioactive iodine therapy and breast cancer. A follow- up study of hyperthyroid women", Am J Epidemiol, 127, pp.969~980 (1988)
- Kruk J, "Lifetime physical activity and the risk of breast cancer: a casecontrol study", Cancer Detect Prev, 31(1), pp.18~28 (2007)
- Barrett-Connor E, "Dietary fat, calories, and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: a prospective population- based study", J Am Coll Nutr, 12, pp.390~399 (1993)
- Dai Q, "Consumption of animal foods, cooking methods, and risk of breast cancer", Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 11, pp.801~808 (2002)
- Xu X, "Birth weight as a risk factor for breast cancer: a meta-analysis of 18 epidemiological studies", J Womens Health (Larchmt), 18, pp.1169~1178 (2009)
- Ahn J, "Adiposity, adult weight change, and postmenopausal breast cancer risk", Arch Intern Med, 167, pp.2091~2102 (2007)
- Krebs EE, "Measures of adiposity and risk of breast cancer in older postmenopausal women", J Am Geriatr Soc, 54, pp.63~69 (2006)
- Eliassen AH, "Adult weight change and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer", JAMA, 296, pp.193~201 (2006)
- Lahmann PH, "A prospective study of adiposity and postmenopausal breast cancer risk: the Malmo Diet and Cancer Study", Int J Cancer, 103, pp.246~252 (2003)
- Heck KE, "Socioeconomic status and breast cancer mortality, 1989 through 1993: an analysis of education data from death certificates", Am J Public Health, 87, pp.1218~1222 (1997)
- Yost K, "Socioeconomic status and breast cancer incidence in California for different race", ethnic groups, 2001, pp.12, 703~711
- Achat H, "A prospective study of job strain and risk of breast cancer", Int J Epidemiol, 29, pp.622~628 (2000)
- Eskelinen M, "Life stress due to losses and deficit in childhood and adolescence as breast cancer risk factor: a prospective casecontrol study in Kuopio, Finland", Anticancer Res, 30, pp.4303~4308 (2010)
- Colditz GA, "Risk factors for breast cancer according to family history of breast cancer. For the Nurses’ Health Study Research Group", J Natl Cancer Inst, 88, pp.365~371 (1996)
- Vachon CM, "Investigation of an interaction of alcohol intake and family history on breast cancer risk in the Minnesota Breast Cancer Family Study", Cancer, 92, pp.240~248 (2001)
- Luo J, "Association of active and passive smoking with risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women: a prospective cohort study", BMJ, 342, pp.d1016~ (2011)
- Michels KB, "Diet and breast cancer: a review of the prospective observational studies", Cancer, 109, pp.2712~2749 (2007)
- Khan SA, "Mastalgia and breast cancer: a protective association?", Cancer Detect Prev, 26, pp.192~196 (2002)
- Shore RE, "A case-control study of hair dye use and breast cancer", J Natl Cancer Inst, 62, pp.277~283 (1979)