사베인-옥슬리 법(Sarbanes-Oxley Act)이 기업지배구조와 기업경영에 미치는 파급효과와 학문적, 실무적 시사점
Consequences of Sarbanes-Oxley Act in Corporate Governance and Corporate Management: Research and Practical Implications
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기업 지배구조는 기업의 주요 이해관계자인 주주와 경영자와 그 둘 사이에서 주주의 이익을 대변하기 위해 경영자를 감시하는 이사회의 역학관계를 총체적으로 일컫는 말이다. 2000년대 초반 미국의 엔론사태를 필두로 유럽 각국에서의 회계부정 문제, 한국을 포함한 아시아에서도 지배구조 개선에 대한 논의가 활발히 시작되었다. 회계부정 등 다양한 기업의 문제들이 결국 지배구조의 문제에서 기인한다고 판단하고 기업의 이사회 기능을 보강해 투명성을 높이고 경영진의 과다한 보수를 통제하는 등의 조치가 필요하다는 공감대가 형성되었다. 이러한 지배구조 변화의 한 가운데 가장 큰 파급효과를 발휘하고 있는 것이 미국의 사베인-옥슬리 법(Sarbanes-Oxley Act)이다. 이 논문의 목적은 시행 2년이 지나고 있는 미국의 사베인-옥슬리 법이 기업지배구조와 기업경영에 미치는 파급효과를 살펴보는 것이다. 이를 위하여 이 논문에서는 사베인-옥슬리 법의 제정 배경과 구성 및 핵심조항을 살펴보고, 이 법안이 기업지배구조와 기업경영에 미치는 파급효과를 종합적으로 검토한다. 또한, 시행 전 예상하지 못했던 사베인-옥슬리 법의 효과에 대해서 논하며, 사베인-옥슬리 법이 촉발한 변화에 대응하는 국내외 기업들의 향후과제와 함께 지배구조 관련 학문적 연구방향에 대하여 논의한다. 사베인-옥슬리 법은 기업 정보공개와 내부 통제에 대한 경영자와 경영진의 책임 강화, 이사회와 산하 위원회의 독립성과 책임 강화, 감사인의 감독과 독립성 강화를 골자로 한다. 그러나, 동시에 지배구조의 강화와 함께 외부자들의 지나친 경영간섭으로 인하여 CEO의 권한과 기업경영 능력이 지나치게 제한되는 측면이 있다는 점, 기업이 이 법에 대응하기 위해서는 막대한 시간과 비용이 요구된다는 것과 이것이 기업경영에 있어서 비효율성을 촉진시키는 결과를 가져온다는 부정적인 측면도 있다. 마지막으로, 시사적이고 실무적인 측면 외에, 가능한 향후 관련연구 영역으로 사베인-옥슬리 법 자체의 효과에 대한 연구, 사베인-옥슬리 이후의 지배구조와 성과의 관계, 대리인 이론(agency theory)과 청지기 이론(stewardship theory)의 대립, CEO와 이사회 간의 갈등과 역학관계에서의 CEO 리더십, 그리고 지배구조-전략-성과의 관계에 대한 연구 등을 제시한다.
Abstract
Corporate governance is about the relationship among three major stakeholders: stockholders as owners, management as the agent of owners, and board of directors as supervisors of management on behalf of the owners. At the beginning of the twenty first century, discussion on the ways to improve corporate governance began in Europe and Asia including Korea, which was triggered by Enron debacle in the U.S. and other corporate scandals in several European countries. It was commonly believed that at the root of various corporate scandals and accounting frauds is weak corporate governance. There was consensus that certain control mechanism was needed to enhance the function of the boards for increasing the transparency and controlling the excessive incentives of management. Among all those changes in corporate governance, Sarbanes-Oxley Act has the strongest impact with its consequences reaching beyond the U.S. This study assesses the consequences of the two-year old Sarbanes-Oxley. We first review the background and the major contents of the law. We also discuss the impact of the law on the corporate governance and operations, along with the unintended negative consequences and reactions of corporations. Finally, directions to cope with the new environment caused by Sarbanes-Oxley are suggested. And, in addition to the discussion of practical implications, we also discuss the possible future research areas and topics related to Sarbanes-Oxley: studies on the effect of the new system itself, relationship between corporate governance and performance after Sarbanes-Oxley, relationship between agency theory and stewardship theory, tension between CEO and board, CEO leadership in such a strenuous CEO-board relationship, and finally, triangular relationship among corporate governance, strategy, and performance.
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