수계 아연 이온 배터리 양극재 주요 문제점 및 연구 동향

Abstract

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) are gaining attention as safe, low-cost, and environmentally friendly energy storage systems. Despite progress in Zn metal anode stabilization, cathode optimization remains the primary challenge limiting practical performance. This review categorizes the major degradation mechanisms of AZIB cathodes into four pathways: dissolution of active materials, formation of by-products, structural distortion caused by repeated Zn2+/H+ insertion, and intrinsic limits in theoretical capacity. Based on this framework, we examine key cathode families-Mn-based oxides, V-based oxides, Prussian blue analogues (PBAs), and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives, highlighting structural features, charge-storage mechanisms, failure modes, and recent engineering strategies. Approaches such as pre-intercalation, defect/interface engineering, electrolyte optimization, conductive composites, and MOF-derived architectures are emphasized as effective routes to enhance stability and Zn2+ transport. Finally, design principles and future research directions for high-performance AZIB cathodes are proposed.