대중독재와 대중민주주의 - 20세기 초 영제국의 남성성 훈육과정 -

Abstract

Both dictatorship and democracy can be regarded as products of the ‘modern’ in that they pursued artificial categorizations such as class, race, and nation, while ignoring various differences among individuals. It can be observed that much of the differences between the two political systems were resulted from the sizes of their colonies. While the British were able to find the ‘others’ in their vast colonies, other European nations such as Germans and Italians had to find their ‘others’ in their own countries: the Jews and the Gypsies. As a result, the former were able to perform the ‘otherization’ maintaining their traditional political system of parliamentary democracy, while the latter had to replace their parliamentary democracies with dictatorships in order to facilitate the process of otherization in a more radical and artificial way. Both systems, however, shared common features: they relied on otherization and categorization for their survival. The aim of the “Mass Dictatoship” project is not to argue that the masses simply consented to the dictatorship, or to propose that seemingly heterogeneous political systems can be grouped under the name of Mass Dictatorship. Rather, its ultimate goal should be to deconstruct the dichotomous epistemology, which has made it seem possible to divide consent and dissent, dictatorship and democracy, or modern and pre-modern. Just as Germans and Italians in the Interwar period took advantage of gender discourses to establish and maintain their dictatorships, so did the British for their democracy and empire. The focus of this paper is upon the process by which the ideas of masculinity as an important character of the rulers of the British Empire were dispersed throughout British society in the early 20th century by way of leadership training at the level of elementary education.