Phylogenetic Analysis and Bioactivity Profiling of Endophytic Penicillium sp. Isolated from Annona reticulata
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Endophytic fungi are prolific producers of secondary metabolites with significant pharmaceutical and agricultural relevance. In this study, a dominant endophytic fungus was isolated from surface-sterilized leaves of Annona reticulata and identified as Penicillium citrinum ARPEN1 through ITS-rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis (GenBank accession no. OR733578). The ethyl acetate extract of the isolate was evaluated for its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and its bioactive constituents were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with 68.5% DPPH radical scavenging and 65.1% hydrogen peroxide scavenging at 500 µg/ml, corresponding to IC50 values of 212.4 µg/ml and 231.6 µg/ml, respectively. Antimicrobial screening revealed broad-spectrum activity, with the highest inhibition zones against Escherichia coli (25 mm) and Candida albicans (23 mm). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 125 to 500 µg/ml, demonstrating effective growth inhibition. GC-MS profiling identified several known bioactive compounds, including 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, isoferulic acid, and 3-acetyl-2,5,6-trimethylhydroquinone, which are reported to possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The novelty of this study lies in the isolation of a bioactive P. citrinum strain from A. reticulata, which to date has been underexplored for its endophytic microbiota. These findings suggest that P. citrinum ARPEN1 is a promising source of natural bioactive compounds with potential applications in microbial biotechnology and drug discovery.
Abstract
Endophytic fungi are prolific producers of secondary metabolites with significant pharmaceutical and agricultural relevance. In this study, a dominant endophytic fungus was isolated from surface-sterilized leaves of Annona reticulata and identified as Penicillium citrinum ARPEN1 through ITS-rDNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis (GenBank accession no. OR733578). The ethyl acetate extract of the isolate was evaluated for its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and its bioactive constituents were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The extract exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with 68.5% DPPH radical scavenging and 65.1% hydrogen peroxide scavenging at 500 µg/ml, corresponding to IC50 values of 212.4 µg/ml and 231.6 µg/ml, respectively. Antimicrobial screening revealed broad-spectrum activity, with the highest inhibition zones against Escherichia coli (25 mm) and Candida albicans (23 mm). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 125 to 500 µg/ml, demonstrating effective growth inhibition. GC-MS profiling identified several known bioactive compounds, including 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, isoferulic acid, and 3-acetyl-2,5,6-trimethylhydroquinone, which are reported to possess antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The novelty of this study lies in the isolation of a bioactive P. citrinum strain from A. reticulata, which to date has been underexplored for its endophytic microbiota. These findings suggest that P. citrinum ARPEN1 is a promising source of natural bioactive compounds with potential applications in microbial biotechnology and drug discovery.