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북동태평양 클라리온-클리퍼톤 균열대에서 동물플랑크톤의 주야 수직 분포: 생태학적 의미와 환경 요인의 영향

The Vertical Distribution of Zooplankton During Daytime vs. Nighttime in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, Northeastern Pacific: Environmental Factors and Their Ecological Implications

Yoon Hyunjin|Ju Se-Jong
한국해양과학기술원 (Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology)|2024.12|Ocean and Polar Research|제46권 제4호|pp. 207-220|DOI /10.4217/OPR.2024014

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vertical distributionzooplanktonmesopelagicclarion-clipperton fracture zone
주제분류해양학

초록

To understand the role of zooplankton in terms of the food web and carbon cycle (particularly carbon produced in the surface export to the deep sea) in the open ocean, the vertical distribution of the major taxa and its abundance of zooplankton in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ) of the Northeast Pacific were investigated. In March 2019, zooplankton samples were collected from seven depth strata (0–50, 50–100, 100–200, 200–300, 300–500, 500–700, and 700–1,000 m) using Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System (MOCNESS) during both day- and night-time. For carbon biomass analysis, samples were categorized into five size groups (0.2–0.5 mm, 0.5–1 mm, 1–2 mm, 2–5 mm, and > 5 mm). The vertical distribution of key environmental parameters were also observed using CTD. Results revealed complex and diverse vertical distribution among zooplankton taxa, with several size groups exhibiting distinct day-night differences in zooplankton biomass. Euphausiids showed the most distinct vertical differences between day- and night-time, with weighted mean depths (WMD) varying significantly between day- and night-time (WMD: 346 m at day-time and WMD: 107 m at night-time). Chaetognaths (WMD variation: 92 m) and copepod Xanthocalanus spp. (WMD variation: 85 m) also displayed notable differences. In contrast, some copepods such as Oncaea spp. and Corycaeus spp. showed minimal day- and night-time vertical differences. Interestingly, ostracods exhibited the reverse pattern of day- and night-time vertical distribution. Among environmental factors, a strong vertical stratification of seawater (pronounced thermocline) and oxygen minimum zone significantly affected zooplankton stratification. The distribution of small copepods strongly correlated with temperature, concentrating in warmer surface waters both day- and night-time. Chlorophyll-a concentration, an indicator of food availability for herbivores, also influenced the distribution of herbivorous zooplankton, particularly with high abundance of those at subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) depths. This study demonstrated that the day- and night-time vertical distribution differences of zooplankton abun￾dance and carbon biomass in the CCFZ exhibited diverse characteristics, influenced by both environmental factors and the inherent biological traits of different zooplankton taxa. These findings would provide to better understand the role of zooplankton not only the pelagic ecosystem but also the mesopelagic one in CCFZ. Furthermore, it will be very useful to assess potential environmental impacts of climate change and future deep-sea mining activity in this region.

Abstract

To understand the role of zooplankton in terms of the food web and carbon cycle (particularly carbon produced in the surface export to the deep sea) in the open ocean, the vertical distribution of the major taxa and its abundance of zooplankton in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ) of the Northeast Pacific were investigated. In March 2019, zooplankton samples were collected from seven depth strata (0–50, 50–100, 100–200, 200–300, 300–500, 500–700, and 700–1,000 m) using Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environmental Sensing System (MOCNESS) during both day- and night-time. For carbon biomass analysis, samples were categorized into five size groups (0.2–0.5 mm, 0.5–1 mm, 1–2 mm, 2–5 mm, and > 5 mm). The vertical distribution of key environmental parameters were also observed using CTD. Results revealed complex and diverse vertical distribution among zooplankton taxa, with several size groups exhibiting distinct day-night differences in zooplankton biomass. Euphausiids showed the most distinct vertical differences between day- and night-time, with weighted mean depths (WMD) varying significantly between day- and night-time (WMD: 346 m at day-time and WMD: 107 m at night-time). Chaetognaths (WMD variation: 92 m) and copepod Xanthocalanus spp. (WMD variation: 85 m) also displayed notable differences. In contrast, some copepods such as Oncaea spp. and Corycaeus spp. showed minimal day- and night-time vertical differences. Interestingly, ostracods exhibited the reverse pattern of day- and night-time vertical distribution. Among environmental factors, a strong vertical stratification of seawater (pronounced thermocline) and oxygen minimum zone significantly affected zooplankton stratification. The distribution of small copepods strongly correlated with temperature, concentrating in warmer surface waters both day- and night-time. Chlorophyll-a concentration, an indicator of food availability for herbivores, also influenced the distribution of herbivorous zooplankton, particularly with high abundance of those at subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) depths. This study demonstrated that the day- and night-time vertical distribution differences of zooplankton abun￾dance and carbon biomass in the CCFZ exhibited diverse characteristics, influenced by both environmental factors and the inherent biological traits of different zooplankton taxa. These findings would provide to better understand the role of zooplankton not only the pelagic ecosystem but also the mesopelagic one in CCFZ. Furthermore, it will be very useful to assess potential environmental impacts of climate change and future deep-sea mining activity in this region.

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