魏晉南朝의 郊祀 主神 논쟁과 鄭玄 이해

Abstract

The controversy over the chief deity at the sacrifice to the heaven in suburb(郊祀) and the Mingtang(明堂) in the Wei-Jin-Nanchao period has been to the fore quite early in history of the national ritual systems. In earlier studies, the controversy over the chief deity at the suburban sacrifice to the heaven has been comprehended and evaluated according to the analysis framework based on such dichotomy of views as ‘Six Heavens’ of Zheng Xuan(鄭玄) and ‘Single Heaven’ of Wang Su (王肅). Breaking away from the conventional stereotype, one may need a new angle on the above controversy, as described in this paper. The main subject on the controversy over the chief deity was the relationship with Haotian-shangdi(昊天上帝), Shangdi(上帝) and Wudi(Five Heavenly Emperors, 五帝). Zheng Xuan considered Shangdi, the chief deity at the sacrifice to the heaven in suburb in January, to be Wudi. On the other hand, Haotian-shangdi was worshiped in round altar(圓丘) at winter solstice. The controversy over the same and different concepts posed in Haotian, Shangdi, Wudi and the Heaven(天) was developed during the Jin-Song(晉宋) period. However without accurate understanding of Zheng Xuan as the starting point of the controversy over the chief deity and its academic standard, it is inevitable that only false arguments from misreading and distortion remain. Some researchers quoting Zheng Xuan unwillingly distorted his original intention. But there were a few researchers solved the above controversy in respect of Zheng Xuan to the relation between Shangdi and Haotian, as a sticking points which Zheng Xuan remained. For example, Zheng Xuan thought that the Heaven(天) could be called variously and a suitable name should be selected according to the situation of the related people. From this view, one may deduce that while Haotian denotes the vital vigor(元氣) as the origin of all things full in the infinite space, Shangdi is an emphasized name as the presider supervising the growth and development of all things. This kind view of Zheng Xuan intactly appeared in the standpoint of Liu Hong(劉宏) in Song dynasty. According to Liu, ‘Heaven’ is too high and noble to be called as only one name. As the case may be, ‘Heaven’ is called sometime as Shangdi or Haotian. While all of the above names denoted ‘Heaven’, the different expression of ‘Heaven’ in the same sentence might be due to preventing the repetitive use of the same word. At that time, many people might also share the thoughts of Zheng Xuan and Liu Hong. Such intensifying controversy may be considered a phenomenon indicating the academic variety and depth at that time without any established theory.