베트남 명향인(Người Minh Hương )의 이주 시기와 기록·기억
Migration Timing, Records, and Memory of the Minh Hương People of Vietnam
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본고는 베트남 명향인(Người Minh Hương)의 실제 이주 시기와 기록·기억 사이에 나타나는 차이를 검토한다. 명향인은 흔히 명청교체 이후 베트남으로 들어온 명유민의 후예로 이해되었지만, 이러한 설명만으로는 18세기와 19세기 이후 베트남으로 이주한 청대 화인 후손이 명향이라는 이름과 연결되는 현상을 충분히 설명하기 어렵다. 이에 본고는 17세기 명계 해상 세력의 남부 정착, 18-19세기 응우옌 왕조의 명향 제도화, 그리고 오늘날 가문·회관 공간에서 확인되는 명향 기억을 함께 살펴보았다. 먼저 양언적·진상천·막구 등은 후대 명향 기억의 중요한 출발점이 되었지만, 이들의 활동은 단순한 명유민의 망명으로만 설명하기 어렵다. 이들은 해상 이주, 무장 활동, 상업망, 남부 변경 경영과 깊이 연결되어 있었다. 다음으로 응우옌 왕조는 明香에서 明鄕으로의 명칭 변경, 明鄕社 편제, 청인 자손의 명향적 등록을 통해 명향을 법령과 호적 안에서 다시 정리하였다. 마지막으로 호치민시, 후에, 호이안 현지조사 사례는 명향 기억이 가문, 회관, 지역사회, 세대에 따라 다르게 설명되고 있음을 보여준다. 따라서 명향은 고정된 혈통 집단이라기보다, 17세기 명계 이주민에 대한 후대 기억, 응우옌 왕조의 제도적 분류, 그리고 현재의 가문·회관 기억이 겹치며 형성된 역사적 이름으로 이해할 수 있다. This article examines the differences between the actual migration timing of Vietnam’s Người Minh Hương and the ways in which they have been recorded and remembered. The Minh Hương have often been understood as descendants of Ming loyalists who migrated to Vietnam after the Ming-Qing transition. However, this explanation cannot fully account for cases in which descendants of Qing-period Chinese migrants also came to be associated with the name Minh Hương. To address this problem, the article considers three related layers: state and family records, Nguyễn-dynasty institutional classification, and living memory preserved in families, assembly halls, and local communities. First, Yang Yandi, Chen Shangchuan, and Mạc Cửu became important historical reference points for later Minh Hương memory, but their activities cannot be reduced to the exile of Ming loyalists. They were also connected to maritime migration, armed activity, commercial networks, and the management of the southern frontier. Second, the Nguyễn dynasty reorganized Minh Hương through the change from 明香 to 明鄕, the formation of Minh Hương xã, and the registration of descendants of Qing migrants in Minh Hương registers. Finally, fieldwork in Ho Chi Minh City, Hue, and Hoi An shows that Minh Hương memory has been explained differently according to family history, assembly-hall space, locality, and generation. The article therefore argues that Minh Hương should be understood not as a fixed descent group, but as a historical name formed through the interaction of memories of seventeenth-century Ming-related migrants, Nguyễn-dynasty institutional classification, and present-day family and assembly-hall memory.
Abstract
This article examines the differences between the actual migration timing of Vietnam’s Người Minh Hương and the ways in which they have been recorded and remembered. The Minh Hương have often been understood as descendants of Ming loyalists who migrated to Vietnam after the Ming-Qing transition. However, this explanation cannot fully account for cases in which descendants of Qing-period Chinese migrants also came to be associated with the name Minh Hương. To address this problem, the article considers three related layers: state and family records, Nguyễn-dynasty institutional classification, and living memory preserved in families, assembly halls, and local communities. First, Yang Yandi, Chen Shangchuan, and Mạc Cửu became important historical reference points for later Minh Hương memory, but their activities cannot be reduced to the exile of Ming loyalists. They were also connected to maritime migration, armed activity, commercial networks, and the management of the southern frontier. Second, the Nguyễn dynasty reorganized Minh Hương through the change from 明香 to 明鄕, the formation of Minh Hương xã, and the registration of descendants of Qing migrants in Minh Hương registers. Finally, fieldwork in Ho Chi Minh City, Hue, and Hoi An shows that Minh Hương memory has been explained differently according to family history, assembly-hall space, locality, and generation. The article therefore argues that Minh Hương should be understood not as a fixed descent group, but as a historical name formed through the interaction of memories of seventeenth-century Ming-related migrants, Nguyễn-dynasty institutional classification, and present-day family and assembly-hall memory.
