INFORMAL SECTOR HETEROGENEITY AND INCOME INEQUALITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This paper empirically identifies three types of entrepreneurs in the Congolese informal sector, namely top-performers, constrained gazelles and survivalists. Based on logit and fixed effect OLS models, the paper finds that poverty and income inequality are more common among constrained gazelles and survivalists. Results also show that income inequality is explained mainly by educational disparities and lack of credit access among entrepreneurs. The outcomes of a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition show that the performance of firms is a key factor in explaining differences in income. Moreover, the paper finds that human capital and managerial skills are important engines of performance.
Abstract
This paper empirically identifies three types of entrepreneurs in the Congolese informal sector, namely top-performers, constrained gazelles and survivalists. Based on logit and fixed effect OLS models, the paper finds that poverty and income inequality are more common among constrained gazelles and survivalists. Results also show that income inequality is explained mainly by educational disparities and lack of credit access among entrepreneurs. The outcomes of a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition show that the performance of firms is a key factor in explaining differences in income. Moreover, the paper finds that human capital and managerial skills are important engines of performance.
참고문헌 (22)
- "Recognizing Africa’s Informal Sector Championing Inclusive Growth across Africa" (2013)[URL]
- Baker, G. P., "Survivorship and the Economic Grim Reaper", Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 18(2), pp.324~361 (2002)
- Blinder, A. S., "Wage Discrimination : Reduced Form, and Structural Estimates", Journal of Human Resources, 8(4), pp.436~455 (1973)
- Bosch, M., "Comparative Analysis of Labor Market Dynamics Using Markov Processes : An Application to Informality", Labour Economics, 17(4), pp.621~631 (2010)
- Inequality, Institutions, and Informality, "Chong, A.", Inter-American Development Bank, ~, pp.Research Department Working Paper 516 (2004)
- Cunningham, W. V., "Heterogeneity among Mexico’s Microenterprises : An Application of Factor and Cluster Analysis", Economic Development and Cultural Change, 50(1), pp.131~156 (2001)
- De Soto, H., "The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World" (1989), Harper and Row
- Diao, X., "Small Firms, Structural Change and Labor Productivity Growth in Africa: Evidence from Tanzania", World Development, 105(C), pp.400~415 (2018)
- Fields, G. S., "Dualism in the Labor Market : A Perspective on the Lewis Model after Half a Century", Manchester School, 72(6), pp.724~735 (2004)
- Gindling, T. H., "Self-Employment in the Developing World", World Development, 56(C), pp.313~331 (2014)
- Grimm, M., "Constrained Gazelles: High Potentials in West Africa’s Informal Economy", World Development, 40(7), pp.1352~1368 (2012)
- Grimm, M, "Barriers to Entry and Returns to Capital in Informal Activities: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa", Review of Income and Wealth, 57(s1), pp.S27~S53 (2011)
- "Informal Sector Dynamics in Times of Fragile Growth: The case of Madagascar" (2011)[URL]
- Heckman, J. J., "Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error", Econometrica, 47(1), pp.153~161 (1979)
- Loayza, N. V., "The Economics of the Informal Sector: A Simple Model and Some Empirical Evidence from Latin America", Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 45(1), pp.129~162 (1996)
- Lukiyanova, A., "Earnings Inequality and Informal Employment in Russia", Economics of Transition, 23(2), pp.469~515 (2015)
- McKenzie, D., "Does It Pay Firms to Register for Taxes? The Impact of Formality on Firm Profitability", Journal of Development Economics, 91(1), pp.15~24 (2010)
- Nichter, S., "Small Firm Growth in Developing Countries", World Development, 37(9), pp.1453~1464 (2009)
- Oaxaca, R. L., "Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets", International Economic Review, 14(3), pp.693~709 (1973)
- Rogerson, C. M., "Urban Poverty and the Informal Economy in South Africa’s Economic Heartland", Environment and Urbanization, 8(1), pp.167~179 (1996)
- Income Distribution and the Size of the Informal Sector, "Winkelried, D.", St. John’s College, University of Cambridge, ~ (2005)
- The Democratic Republic of Congo Poverty Assessment, "World Bank", World Bank, ~ (2016)