땅과 인간의 회복: 제라드 윈스턴리의 디거즈 활동 시기의 팸플릿
Restoring the Earth and Mankind: Gerrard Winstanley's Digger Period Pamphlets
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Like many radicals of the English Civil War, Gerrard Winstanley, one of the leaders of so-called "True Levellers" or "Diggers," composed several pamphlets in order to defend his group and search for possible comrades. The pamphlets published while he worked for the Digger community, notably "The True Leveller's Standard Advanced," "A Declaration from the Poor Oppressed People of England," and "A New-Year's Gift for the Parliament and Army" illustrate a distressed commoner's responses to the major political, economic, and social problems of the seventeenth century. In these three pamphlets Winstanley criticizes mostly land enclosure and proposes alternative ways to understand and imagine the relationship between the earth and human beings as well as the significances of the earth in human lives. While a number of contemporary people defended land enclosure because of its economic efficacy, Winstanley regards the earth and human beings as closely related parts of creation, or an extension of a universal spirit of love. He also represents the earth as the major foundation of communal agrarian labor, opposing to commercial approaches to the earth; since he respects the values of medieval agrarian society, agrarian labor had the undeniable priority in his vision. When Winstanley reconstructs the history of mankind, concentrating on human beings' struggle over land, he interprets the Bible in original and radical ways. Millenarianism of the English Civil War significantly influenced the author's historical consciousness and let him see his own present moment as a highly critical time for his countrymen; thus he urges the English people to fulfill their mission by achieving economic and political reformation such as abolishing the enclosure of common land.
Abstract
Like many radicals of the English Civil War, Gerrard Winstanley, one of the leaders of so-called "True Levellers" or "Diggers," composed several pamphlets in order to defend his group and search for possible comrades. The pamphlets published while he worked for the Digger community, notably "The True Leveller's Standard Advanced," "A Declaration from the Poor Oppressed People of England," and "A New-Year's Gift for the Parliament and Army" illustrate a distressed commoner's responses to the major political, economic, and social problems of the seventeenth century. In these three pamphlets Winstanley criticizes mostly land enclosure and proposes alternative ways to understand and imagine the relationship between the earth and human beings as well as the significances of the earth in human lives. While a number of contemporary people defended land enclosure because of its economic efficacy, Winstanley regards the earth and human beings as closely related parts of creation, or an extension of a universal spirit of love. He also represents the earth as the major foundation of communal agrarian labor, opposing to commercial approaches to the earth; since he respects the values of medieval agrarian society, agrarian labor had the undeniable priority in his vision. When Winstanley reconstructs the history of mankind, concentrating on human beings' struggle over land, he interprets the Bible in original and radical ways. Millenarianism of the English Civil War significantly influenced the author's historical consciousness and let him see his own present moment as a highly critical time for his countrymen; thus he urges the English people to fulfill their mission by achieving economic and political reformation such as abolishing the enclosure of common land.
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