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고정관념의 위협과 인지적 과제의 수행

Stereotype Threat and Cognitive Task Performance

신홍임
한국사회및성격심리학회|2008.08|한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 (Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology)|제22권 제3호|pp. 15-32|DOI 10.21193/kjspp.2008.22.3.002

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참고문헌

키워드

개인적 요인상황적 요인고정관념의 위협과제수행도비참여비동일시고정관념 위협의 유형
주제분류심리과학

초록

중요한 사회적 성취상황에서 자신에게 불리한 고정관념의 활성화는 인지적 과제수행에 어떤 영향을 미치는가? Steele와 Aronson(1995)은 ‘흑인의 지능은 백인보다 열등하다’는 고정관념을 검사상황에서 활성화시켰을 때 흑인 대학생들의 과제수행결과가 현저하게 나빠짐을 관찰하였다. ‘고정관념의 위협(stereotype threat)’으로 지칭된 이 현상은 최근 많은 관련 사례들이 보고되고 있으며, 고정관념의 영향으로 인한 인지적 과제 수행도의 저하는 결과적으로 개인의 중요한 성취영역에 대한 비참여 및 비동일시를 이끄는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 본 논문에서는 지금까지의 연구결과들을 바탕으로 고정관념의 위협에 영향을 끼치는 상황적 요인과 개인적 요인 및 이들이 인지적 과제의 수행을 방해하는 경로를 개관하고자 한다. 고정관념의 위협에 대한 연구는 이 효과를 매개하는 정서적, 인지적 경로의 세분화된 탐색을 통해 고정관념 위협의 다양한 유형을 이해하게 하며, 이를 통해 고정관념의 장기적 폐해를 줄일 수 있는 대처방안을 모색하는데 기여할 것이다.

Abstract

What happens to individuals in a social performance situation when a negative group identity is activated? Steele and Aronson(1995) reported that African Americans performed much worse in intellectual tasks than their white peers when negative stereotypes were made salient. For this phenomenon called ‘stereotype threat', a number of research have been recently demonstrated. This underperformance phenomenon seems to result in disengagement and disidentification with a domain, where stereotype threats exist. Therefore in this article, individual and situational factors which account for this disruptive effect should be explored. Research on various mediators of stereotype threat effect will help us to explore the nature of stereotype threat and to distinguish among different stereotype threats. Understanding the underlying process will lead to develop effective coping strategies for these threats.

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