The influence of shade allocation or total shade plus overhead fan on growth performance, efficiency of dietary energy utilization, and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle under tropical ambient conditions
1
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Objective: The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of shade allocation and shade plus fan on growth performance, dietary energy utilization and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle under tropical ambient conditions Methods: Two trials were conducted, involving a total of 1,560 young bulls (289±22 kg BW) assigned to 24 pens (65 bulls/pen and 6 pens/treatment). Pens were 585 m2 with 15 m fence line feed bunks. Shade treatments (m2 shade/animal) were: i) limited shade (LS) to 1.2 m2 shade/animal (LS1.2); ii) limited shade to 2.4 m2 shade/animal (LS2.4); iii) total shade (TS) which correspond to 9 m2/animal, and iv) total shade equipped with fans (TS+F). Trials lasted 158 and 183 days. In both studies, the average weekly maximum temperature exceeded 34°C. Results: Increasing shade allocation tended (p = 0.08) to linearly increases average daily gain (ADG), and dry matter intake (DMI, quadratic effect, p = 0.03). This effect was most apparent between LS1.2 and LS2.4. Shade allocation, per se, did not affect gain efficiency or estimated dietary net energy (NE). Compared with TS, TS+F increased (p<0.05) ADG, gain efficiency, and tended (p = 0.06) to increase dietary NE. There was a quadratic effect of shade on longissimus area and marbling score, with values being lower (p<0.01) for LS2.4 than for LS1.2 or TS. Likewise, marbling score was lower for TS+F than for TS. Percentage kidney, pelvic, and heart (KPH) linearly decreased with increasing shade. In contrast, KPH was greater for TS than for TS+F. Conclusion: Providing more than 2.4 m2 shade/animal will not further enhance feedlot performance. The use of fans in combination with shade increases ADG and gain efficiency beyond that of shade, alone. These enhancements were not associated with increased DMI, but rather, to an amelioration of ambient temperature humidity index on maintenance energy requirement.
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of shade allocation and shade plus fan on growth performance, dietary energy utilization and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle under tropical ambient conditions Methods: Two trials were conducted, involving a total of 1,560 young bulls (289±22 kg BW) assigned to 24 pens (65 bulls/pen and 6 pens/treatment). Pens were 585 m2 with 15 m fence line feed bunks. Shade treatments (m2 shade/animal) were: i) limited shade (LS) to 1.2 m2 shade/animal (LS1.2); ii) limited shade to 2.4 m2 shade/animal (LS2.4); iii) total shade (TS) which correspond to 9 m2/animal, and iv) total shade equipped with fans (TS+F). Trials lasted 158 and 183 days. In both studies, the average weekly maximum temperature exceeded 34°C. Results: Increasing shade allocation tended (p = 0.08) to linearly increases average daily gain (ADG), and dry matter intake (DMI, quadratic effect, p = 0.03). This effect was most apparent between LS1.2 and LS2.4. Shade allocation, per se, did not affect gain efficiency or estimated dietary net energy (NE). Compared with TS, TS+F increased (p<0.05) ADG, gain efficiency, and tended (p = 0.06) to increase dietary NE. There was a quadratic effect of shade on longissimus area and marbling score, with values being lower (p<0.01) for LS2.4 than for LS1.2 or TS. Likewise, marbling score was lower for TS+F than for TS. Percentage kidney, pelvic, and heart (KPH) linearly decreased with increasing shade. In contrast, KPH was greater for TS than for TS+F. Conclusion: Providing more than 2.4 m2 shade/animal will not further enhance feedlot performance. The use of fans in combination with shade increases ADG and gain efficiency beyond that of shade, alone. These enhancements were not associated with increased DMI, but rather, to an amelioration of ambient temperature humidity index on maintenance energy requirement.
참고문헌 (29)
- Mitlöhner FM, "Shade effects on performance, carcass traits, physiology, and behavior of heat-stressed feedlot heifers", J Anim Sci, 80, pp.2043~2050 (2002)[DOI]
- Barajas R, "Interactions of shade and feeding management on feedlot performance of crossbred steers during seasonal periods of high ambient temperature", Prof Anim Sci, 29, pp.645~651 (2013)[DOI]
- Umpapol H, "Effect of raising beef cattle in the double shaded house on their fattening performance in Thailand", Pak J Nutr, 13, pp.657~660 (2014)[DOI]
- Sullivan ML, "Effect of shade area on performance and welfare of short-fed feedlot cattle", J Anim Sci, 89, pp.2911~2925 (2011)[DOI]
- Correa-Calderón A, "Physiological and productive response of feedlot steers with an open space cooling system in an arid, dry climate", Tec Pecu Mex, 45, pp.345~354 (2007)
- Renaudeau D, "Adaptation to hot climate and strategies to alleviate heat stress in livestock production", Animal, 6, pp.707~728 (2012)[DOI]
- A. Estrada-Angulo, "Influence of Quaternary Benzophenantridine and Protopine Alkaloids on Growth Performance, Dietary Energy, Carcass Traits, Visceral Mass, and Rumen Health in Finishing Ewes under Conditions of Severe Temperature-humidity Index", Animal Bioscience, 29(5), pp.652~658 (2016), 아세아·태평양축산학회[DOI]
- Hahn GL, "Dynamic responses of cattle to thermal heat loads", J Anim Sci, 77(Suppl 2), pp.10~20 (1999)
- AOAC, "Official methods of analysis", AOAC International, 69~ (2000)
- Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, "Committee on Nutrient Requirement of Beef Cattle, National Research Council", National Academy Press, ~ (1984)
- Zinn RA, "An evaluation of ruminally degradable intake protein and metabolizable amino acid requirements of feedlot calves", J Anim Sci, 76, pp.1280~1289 (1998)[DOI]
- United States Standards for Grading of Carcass Beef, "USDA", Agricultural Marketing Service, USDA, ~ (1997)
- SAS, "User’s Guide: Statistics Version SAS", STAT 9, 2000
- Hinkelmann K, "Design and analyses of experiment" (2005), Willey & Son
- Igono MO, "Environmental profile and critical temperature effects on milk production of Holstein cows in desert climate", Int J Biometeorol, 36, pp.77~87 (1992)[DOI]
- Mader TL, "Environmental factors influencing heat stress in feedlot cattle", J Anim Sci, 84, pp.712~719 (2006)[DOI]
- Mud effect on feedlot cattle. Nebraska beef cattle reports, "Mader TL", Digital Commons University of Nebraska, ~ (2011)
- Evaluation of mud scores on finished beef steers dressing percent, "Busby WD", Iowa State University, ~, pp.Anim Industry Rprt AS 654, ASL R2292 (2008)
- Stock R, "Feed intake variation", Symposium of Feed Intake by Feedlot Cattle 1995, pp.56~ (1995), Oklahoma State University
- Leonard MJ, "Adaptation of feedlot cattle to repeated sinusoidal heat challenge", Proceeding of 7th International Livestock Environment Symposium 2001, pp.119~ (2001), American Society Agriculture Engineer
- Mitlöhner FM, "Shade and water misting effects on behavior, physiology, performance and carcass traits of heat stressed feedlot cattle", J Anim Sci, 79, pp.2327~2335 (2001)[DOI]
- Gaughan JB, "Effect of shade on body temperature and performance of feedlot steers", J Anim Sci, 88, pp.4056~4067 (2010)[DOI]
- Simroth JC, "A survey to describe current cattle feedlot facilities in the High Plains region of the United States", Prof Anim Sci, 33, pp.37~53 (2017)[DOI]
- Correa-Calderón A, "Artificial cooling as an alternative to increase productivity and welfare of steers under heat stress", Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec, 62, pp.1199~1205 (2010)[DOI]
- Mader TL, "Wind protection effects and airflow patterns in outside feedlots", J Anim Sci, 75, pp.26~36 (1997)[DOI]
- Berman A, "Extending the potential of evaporative cooling for heat-stress relief", J Dairy Sci, 89, pp.3817~3825 (2006)[DOI]
- Gaughan JB, "A new heat load index for feedlot cattle", J Anim Sci, 86, pp.226~234 (2008)[DOI]
- Zinn RA, "Influence of time of day on live weight measurements for feedlot steers", J Anim Sci, 68, pp.915~918 (1990)[DOI]
- Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, "Committee on Nutrient Requirement of Beef Cattle, National Research Council", National Academy Press, ~ (2000)