What Japanese and Korean EFL Learners Have in Common: the Acquisition of BECAUSE-Clauses
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This paper has examined and compared Korean EFL learners and Japanese EFL learners on the usage patterns of the causal connectives in their written English, the most salient one of which is, because. The erroneous pattern as in *Because it is a national university involves a usage problem that because-clause is used as an independent clause (it is named as BIC under my analysis). Interestingly, Izzo (1995), Narita, Sato, and Sugiura (2004), Suzuki, Watanabe, and Yoshihara (2007), Kobayashi (2009), and Ito and Misumi (2016) among others, each has discussed the same usage error among JEFL learners. Kobayashi (ibid), in particular, has speculated that this fragmented because- clause as in *Because I like summer is unique to Japanese learners of English, now that it has not been included in some of the error dictionary (Turton & Heaton, 1996). On the basis of the observations made on the two tasks given to Korean 1-year college students, the strong influence of the secondary English education that connects because with ‘waynyahamen’ is one of the main causes of the fragmented because-clauses. Likewise, ‘nazenara’ in Japanese is directly matched to JEFL learners’ writing misuse. After all, it is concluded that (i) the fragmented because-clause is not unique to JEFL learners. Rather, it is commonly observed among Korean L1ers as well, (ii) the failure is closely related to the negative L1 transfer and the mismatch between the source language and the target language at a level of word grammar. It is worth noting that the dramatic differences in the achievements are observed in two different types of tasks, one with free discursive and the other with some specific causal suffixes. Furthermore, the recent trend in EFL that Colloquialism or Speaking-oriented education has been more emphasized than writing causes the substantial weakness. The ramifications of this study include that the linguistic and educational-linguistic closeness between Korea and Japan affect the second language acquisition more profoundly than we have expected.
Abstract
This paper has examined and compared Korean EFL learners and Japanese EFL learners on the usage patterns of the causal connectives in their written English, the most salient one of which is, because. The erroneous pattern as in *Because it is a national university involves a usage problem that because-clause is used as an independent clause (it is named as BIC under my analysis). Interestingly, Izzo (1995), Narita, Sato, and Sugiura (2004), Suzuki, Watanabe, and Yoshihara (2007), Kobayashi (2009), and Ito and Misumi (2016) among others, each has discussed the same usage error among JEFL learners. Kobayashi (ibid), in particular, has speculated that this fragmented because- clause as in *Because I like summer is unique to Japanese learners of English, now that it has not been included in some of the error dictionary (Turton & Heaton, 1996). On the basis of the observations made on the two tasks given to Korean 1-year college students, the strong influence of the secondary English education that connects because with ‘waynyahamen’ is one of the main causes of the fragmented because-clauses. Likewise, ‘nazenara’ in Japanese is directly matched to JEFL learners’ writing misuse. After all, it is concluded that (i) the fragmented because-clause is not unique to JEFL learners. Rather, it is commonly observed among Korean L1ers as well, (ii) the failure is closely related to the negative L1 transfer and the mismatch between the source language and the target language at a level of word grammar. It is worth noting that the dramatic differences in the achievements are observed in two different types of tasks, one with free discursive and the other with some specific causal suffixes. Furthermore, the recent trend in EFL that Colloquialism or Speaking-oriented education has been more emphasized than writing causes the substantial weakness. The ramifications of this study include that the linguistic and educational-linguistic closeness between Korea and Japan affect the second language acquisition more profoundly than we have expected.
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