본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

Co-authoring Revolution: “Superior Men, Inferior Women ” in the History and Reality of North Korean Socialism

도지인|채리아|박소혜
한국학중앙연구원 (The Academy of Korean Studies)|2023.03|Korea Journal|제63권 제1호|pp. 66-91|DOI 10.25024/kj.2023.63.1.66

0

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

North Koreamigrantfamilysocialisminterviewssuperior meninferior women
주제분류한국어와문학

초록

The present study examines the origins and reformulation of namjon nyeobi (‘superior men, inferior women’) in North Korea. The persistence of namjon nyeobi despite the North Korean regime’s promotion of gender equality should be understood as a consequence of collective male and female service to socialism rather than a product of feudalism, Confucianism, or patriarchy. Historical analyses and interviews with North Korean migrants show that namjon nyeobi was reinforced by communist education in the 1960s and reformulated as standard socialist ethics thereafter. In pre-crisis periods, women functioned as the main instruments of social transformation in their supporting roles as mothers, wives, and daughters-in-law. Such reinforcement of fixed gender roles strengthened through post-crisis times as the imperative of survival further heightened the will to preserve the family for women whose breadwinning duties were executed in close association with men. Socialist namjon nyeobi should be understood as the hierarchies and roles assigned to ordinary men and women within Juche socialism.

Abstract

The present study examines the origins and reformulation of namjon nyeobi (‘superior men, inferior women’) in North Korea. The persistence of namjon nyeobi despite the North Korean regime’s promotion of gender equality should be understood as a consequence of collective male and female service to socialism rather than a product of feudalism, Confucianism, or patriarchy. Historical analyses and interviews with North Korean migrants show that namjon nyeobi was reinforced by communist education in the 1960s and reformulated as standard socialist ethics thereafter. In pre-crisis periods, women functioned as the main instruments of social transformation in their supporting roles as mothers, wives, and daughters-in-law. Such reinforcement of fixed gender roles strengthened through post-crisis times as the imperative of survival further heightened the will to preserve the family for women whose breadwinning duties were executed in close association with men. Socialist namjon nyeobi should be understood as the hierarchies and roles assigned to ordinary men and women within Juche socialism.

참고문헌 (57)

  1. Ashwin, Sarah, "Gender, State, and Society in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia", pp.8~27 (2000), Routledge
  2. Butler, Judith, "Gender Trouble : Feminism and the Subversion of Identity" (1990), Routledge
  3. Cho, Youngju, "Bukhan yeoseong yeongu-ui jaryo-roseo jeungeon-ui hwaryong ganeungseong (How to Use ‘Testimony’ in the Studies of North Korean Women)", Yeoseonghak nonjip (Women’s Studies Review), 21(1), pp.37~78 (2004)[DOI]
  4. 조영주, "북한의 ‘인민만들기’와 젠더 정치:배급과 ‘성분-당원’제도를 중심으로", 한국여성학, 29(2), pp.111~142 (2013), 한국여성학회
  5. 조영주, "북한의 시장화와 젠더정치", 북한연구학회보, 18(2), pp.95~122 (2014), 북한연구학회
  6. Choi, Bong-dae, "Bukhan yeongu bangbeomnon (North Korean Studies Research Methodology)", pp.306~329 (2003), Hanul Academy
  7. 최수지, "Gender Politics in Early Cold War North Korea: National Division, Conscription, and Militarized Motherhood from the Late 1940s to 1960s", Journal of Peace and Unification, 8(2), pp.1~27 (2018), 통일학연구원[DOI]
  8. Cumings, Bruce, "Origins of the Korean War : Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945–1947" (1981), Princeton University Press
  9. 도지인, "Dressing Socialism: Joseonot and Revolutionary Womanhood in North Korea, 1955–1960", Korea Journal, 61(2), pp.241~265 (2021), 한국학중앙연구원[DOI]
  10. Dukalskis, Alexander, "Everyday Nationalism and Authoritarian Rule : A Case Study of North Korea", Nationalities Papers, 48(6), pp.1052~1068 (2020)
  11. Goven, Joanna, "Gender and Modernism in a Stalinist State", Social Politics : International Studies in Gender, 9(1), pp.1~28 (2002)
  12. Issoupova, Olga, "Gender, State, and Society in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia", pp.30~54 (2000), Routledge
  13. 정은미, "북한연구방법으로서 탈북자 조사의 활용과 연구 동향", 현대북한연구, 8(3), pp.139~176 (2005), 북한대학원대학교
  14. Jo, Ilho, "Joseon gajokbeop(Family Law of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea)" (1958), Gyoyuk doseo chulpansa
  15. Joseon nyeoseong(North Korean Women), "Nyeomaeng danchedeul-ui saeom chegye-reul hwangnipamyeo saeom bangbeop-eul gaeseonhal-e daehayeo (On Firmly Establishing the Work System of the Women’s League and Improving their Working Method)", 9~12 (1960)
  16. Joseon nyeoseong, "Namjoseon nyeoseongdeul-ege bonaeneun hosomun (Statement to South Korean Women)", 50~54 (1965)
  17. Joseon nyeoseong, "Joseon-ui eomeoni Gang Banseok nyeosa (Madame Gang Banseok, Mother of Korea)", 6~8 (1967)
  18. Jung, Kyungja, "Rhetoric Versus Reality for the Women of North Korea : Mothers of the Revolution", Asian Survey, 46(5), pp.741~760 (2006)
  19. 강채연, "북한 여성노동력의 경제적 의미와 인권: 사회적 참여정책과 영향을 중심으로", 아시아여성연구, 59(2), pp.7~45 (2020), 아시아여성연구원[DOI]
  20. 강진웅, "북한연구와 질적 방법론의 활용", 아세아연구, 58(1), pp.66~97 (2015), 아세아문제연구원
  21. Kim, Eun Mee, "Gender and the Sustainable Development Goals", Global Social Policy, 17(2), pp.239~244 (2017)
  22. 김은경, "1950년대 여학교 교육을 통해 본 ‘현모양처’론의 특징", 한국가정과교육학회지, 19(4), pp.137~151 (2007), 한국가정과교육학회
  23. 김재웅, "해방된 자아에서 동원의 대상으로 - 북한 여성정책의 굴절(1945∼1950) -", 한국사연구, (170), pp.389~428 (2015), 한국사연구회
  24. 김경희, "김정은 집권 이후 북한의 국가가부장제의 재생산에 관한 연구", 아시아여성연구, 55(1), pp.131~164 (2016), 아시아여성연구원
  25. 김석향, "“남녀평등”과 “여성의 권리”에 대한 북한당국의 공식담론 변화: 1950년 이전과 1979년 이후 조선녀성기사를 중심으로", 북한연구학회보, 10(1), pp.25~50 (2006), 북한연구학회
  26. Bukhan yeoseong-ui jiwi-e gwanhan yeongu: Yeoseong gwallyeon beop mit jeongchaek-eul jungsim-euro (Research on the Status of North Korean Women: Centered on Law and Policy Related to Women), "Kim, Sun-uk", Korea Women’s Development Institute, ~ (1992)
  27. Kim, Suzy, "Revolutionary Mothers : Women in the North Korean Revolution, 1945–1950", Comparative Studies in Society and History, 52(4), pp.742~767 (2010)
  28. Kim, Suzy, "Everyday Life in the North Korean Revolution, 1945–1950" (2013), Cornell University Press
  29. Kim, Suzy, "Mothers and Maidens : Gendered Formation of Revolutionary Heroes in North Korea", Journal of Korean Studies, 19(2), pp.257~289 (2014)
  30. Bukhan ingwon baekseo (White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea), "KINU(Korea Institute of National Unification)", KINU, ~ (2021)
  31. 안드레이 란코프, "Useless Men, Entrepreneurial Women, and North Korea’s Post-Socialism: Transformation of Gender Roles Since the Early 1990s", Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 20(2), pp.68~96 (2014), 아시아여성학센터
  32. 이주호, "1950~1960년대 『조선녀성』을 통해 본 북한 인민의 의복 문화 : 사회주의 이행기 일상생활 변화의 시론적 검토", 동방학지, (186), pp.367~396 (2019), 국학연구원[DOI]
  33. 이미경, "북한의 모성이데올로기: 『조선녀성』의 내용분석을 중심으로", 한국정치외교사논총, 26(1), pp.391~422 (2004), 한국정치외교사학회
  34. Lim, Soon-Hee, "Bukhan yeoseong-ui sam jisok-gwa byeonhwa(The Lives of North Korean Women : Continuity and Change)" (2006), Haenam
  35. 남성욱, "북한 여성과 통일한국의 양성평등 과제", 통일전략, 17(3), pp.165~223 (2017), 한국통일전략학회
  36. 오은영, "총련 기관지에 나타나는 ‘치마･저고리’의 표상 ―1950년대부터 1960년대를 중심으로―", 日本文化學報, (83), pp.321~343 (2019), 한국일본문화학회[DOI]
  37. Oh, Yoo-Seok, "Bukhan sahoejuui cheje-ui gabu jangje” (Patriarchy of the North Korean Socialist System)", Gyeongje-wa sahoe(Economy and Society), 49, pp.72~101 (2001)
  38. Park, Hyun Ok, "Dangerous Women: Gender and Korean Nationalism", pp.229~248 (1998), Routledge
  39. Park, Hyun-sun, "Bukan sahoejuui yeongu bukhan sahoe-wa yeoseong munje (North Korean Society and the Women’s Issue)", Yeoksa bipyeong(Critical Review of History), 4, pp.65~85 (1988)
  40. Park, Hyun-sun, "Hyeondae bukhan sahoe-wa gajok(Contemporary North Korean Society and Family)" (2003), Hanul Academy
  41. 박경숙, "북한 사회의 국가, 가부장제, 여성의 관계에 대한 시론", 사회와 이론, (21), pp.328~376 (2012), 한국이론사회학회
  42. 박민철, "북한의 ‘부부관’과 그 변화양상: 북한이탈주민 ‘FGI(Focus Group Interview)’를 중심으로", 통일연구, 24(1), pp.39~76 (2020), 통일연구원
  43. Park, Youngja, "Bukhan nyeoja: Tansaeng-gwa guljeol-ui 70-nyeonsa (North Korean Women: History of their Birth and Distortion over Seventy Years)" (2017), Elpi
  44. Peri, Alexis, "The New Soviet Woman : The post-World War II Feminine Ideal at Home and Abroad", Russian Review, 77, pp.621~644 (2018)
  45. Pindor, Nadina, "The Almanac ‘Women and Russia’ and the Soviet Feminist Movement at the end of the 1970s", International Studies, 15(1), pp.5~20 (2013)
  46. Rodong sinmun, "Sahoejuui geonseol-eseo nyeoseongdeul-ui yeokhal-eul nopigi wihan sasang saeop-eul ganghwahal de daehaeseo: Jeonguk nyeoseong yeolseongja hoeui-eseo han joseon minju nyeoseong dongmaeng jungang wiwonhoe Bak Jeongae wiwonjang-ui bogo (To Strengthen the Ideological Work to Enhance the Role of Women in Socialist Construction, Report by Bak Jongae, Chair of the Central Committee of the North Korean Democratic Women’s League, at the National Women Toilers’ Conference)", ~ (1957)
  47. Rodong sinmun, "Joseon minju nyeoseong dongmaeng je-3-cha daehoe-eseo han nyeomaeng jungang wiwonhoe Gim Oksun je-1-buwiwonjang-ui bogo (Report by Kim Ok Sun, Vice-Chair of the Central Committee of the Women’s League at the Third Conference of the North Korean Democratic Women’s League)", ~ (1965)
  48. Salaff, Janet Weitzner, "Women in Revolution : The Lessons of the Soviet Union and China", Berkeley Journal of Sociology, 15, pp.166~191 (1970)
  49. Scalapino, Robert, "Communism in Korea" (1973), University of Berkeley Press
  50. Sechiyama, Kaku, "Patriarchy in East Asia : A Comparative Sociology of Gender" (2015), Brill
  51. Seo, Dongman, "Bukjoseon sahoejuui cheje seongnipsa : 1945–1961(History of the Establishment of the Socialist System in North Korea, 1945–1961)" (2005), Seonin
  52. Song, Jay, "Studying North Korea through North Korean Migrants : Lessons from the Field", Critical Asian Studies, 51(3), pp.451~466 (2019)
  53. 설진배, "탈북민의 양성평등 의식과 정책적 시사점", 한국동북아논총, 23(2), pp.71~92 (2018), 한국동북아학회[DOI]
  54. Wang, Zheng, "Finding Women in the State : A Socialist Feminist Revolution in the People’s Republic of China, 1949–1964" (2016), University of California Press
  55. Yang, Wenqi, "The Annihilation of Femininity in Mao’s China : Gender Inequality of Sent-down Youth during the Cultural Revolution", China Information, 31(1), pp.63~83 (2017)
  56. 윤소영, "근대국가 형성기 한일의 ‘현모양처’론 -그 공통점과 차이점을 중심으로-", 한국민족운동사연구, 44, pp.77~120 (2005), 한국민족운동사학회
  57. Yurchak, Alexei, "Everything was Forever, Until It Was No More : The Last Soviet Generation" (2005), Princeton University Press

관련 논문AI추천

Divorce and Family Preservation in North Korean Reality: Reassessing the Public/Private Divide in Our Style Socialism도지인, 박민철한국학중앙연구원 · Korea Journal2025 · 제65권 제1호Gender Politics in Early Cold War North Korea: National Division, Conscription, and Militarized Motherhood from the Late 1940s to 1960s최수지통일학연구원 · Journal of Peace and Unification2018 · 제8권 제2호Dressing Socialism: Joseonot and Revolutionary Womanhood in North Korea, 1955–1960도지인, 박민철한국학중앙연구원 · Korea Journal2021 · 제61권 제2호Postcolonial Nation Building and State Feminism: Institutionalizing the North Korean Democratic Women’s Union, 1945–1949전현수, 황태진한국학연구원 · Acta Koreana2025 · 제28권 제1호Study on Heroine Discourse under the Kim Jong Un Regime: Focusing on Articles of Women of Joseon배진, 남성욱, 이가영, 채수란통일학연구원 · Journal of Peace and Unification2017 · 제7권 제1호North Korean Gender Roles and Changes in Women : Under the Military‐First Politics and the Economic crisis박영자한국여성정책연구원 · 여성연구2010 · 제79권 제2호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (9건)

The Personal Color Makeover: An Alternative Means to a Better Life in Neoliberal South KoreaJueun LEEpp. 5-35How Democracy Became Minjujuui: A Conceptual History of Democracy in Modern Korea with Focus on the Generalization Process of Minjujuui김현, 송경호pp. 36-65South Korea Memorializes the American Military ExperienceDuane Colt DENFELDpp. 92-117Ideological Polarization and Income Inequality in the Korean Regions이현출, Alexandre Repkinepp. 118-149Selling Trust: Solicitation Subscriptions and the Feminization of Sales in the South Korean Insurance Industry from the 1960s through the 1980s박은희pp. 150-179
원문 보기