Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships in Wild and Cultivated Lactuca Species
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Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is an economically important leafy vegetable in the family Asteraceae, yet its dome- stication history and evolutionary relationships with wild relatives remain incompletely understood. We used genotyping- by-sequencing to analyze genome-wide variation across 145 accessions representing five Lactuca species (L. indica, L. saligna, L. sativa, L. serriola, and L. virosa). A total of 5,301 high-quality SNPs were identified and used to assess genetic diversity, population structure, and phylogenetic relationships. Among the species, L. virosa exhibited the highest genetic diversity. Analysis of molecular variance showed that 54% of the total genetic variation was distributed among species, indicating substantial interspecific differentiation. Population structure and phylogenetic analyses supported four major clusters with strong concordance across methods. Among the wild taxa, L. serriola and L. virosa were the most genetically similar to cultivated lettuce. Although interspecific divergence was evident, L. sativa showed moderate genetic connectivity with both species. Directional gene flow analysis inferred migration signals from L. saligna to L. virosa and from L. indica to L. serriola, reflecting complex interspecific interactions. These results provide genomic insights into the diversity and relationships among Lactuca species and offer a foundation for future breeding and germplasm conservation.
Abstract
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is an economically important leafy vegetable in the family Asteraceae, yet its dome- stication history and evolutionary relationships with wild relatives remain incompletely understood. We used genotyping- by-sequencing to analyze genome-wide variation across 145 accessions representing five Lactuca species (L. indica, L. saligna, L. sativa, L. serriola, and L. virosa). A total of 5,301 high-quality SNPs were identified and used to assess genetic diversity, population structure, and phylogenetic relationships. Among the species, L. virosa exhibited the highest genetic diversity. Analysis of molecular variance showed that 54% of the total genetic variation was distributed among species, indicating substantial interspecific differentiation. Population structure and phylogenetic analyses supported four major clusters with strong concordance across methods. Among the wild taxa, L. serriola and L. virosa were the most genetically similar to cultivated lettuce. Although interspecific divergence was evident, L. sativa showed moderate genetic connectivity with both species. Directional gene flow analysis inferred migration signals from L. saligna to L. virosa and from L. indica to L. serriola, reflecting complex interspecific interactions. These results provide genomic insights into the diversity and relationships among Lactuca species and offer a foundation for future breeding and germplasm conservation.