형사입법상 피해자 중심/지향 담론의 엄벌주의적 함의 - 영미의 이론적 논의를 중심으로 -
Victim-focused Discourse in Criminal Legislation and Its Punitive Implications: An Anglo-American Theoretical Analysis
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현대 형사사법 정책에서 가장 두드러진 경향은 형사사법에서 피해자의 상징적 역할이 커졌다는 점이다. 이러한 경향은 주로 피해자의 형사절차상 권리와 관련하여 논의되어 왔으며, 실체법 차원의 체계적 분석은 상대적으로 미흡했다. 본 연구는 형사사법에서 피해자 중심/지향 담론이 형사 실체법의 지형을 어떻게 변화시켜 왔는지 영미의 이론적 논의를 통해 검토한다. 피해자의 지위와 역할은 다음과 같은 방식으로 형사실체법에 영향을 미쳐 왔다. 첫째, 새로운 유형의 피해자를 인식하고 피해자 관점의 해석을 통해 기존에 범죄로 간주되지 않았던 행위가 범죄화되거나 기존 구성요건의 적용범위가 확장되었다. 둘째, 피해자는 입법의 정당화 근거로서 상징적 역할을 수행하며 국가형벌권 행사의 정당성을 강화시켜 왔다. 셋째, 잠재적 피해자 보호를 명분으로 위험기반 규제가 증가하면서 행위책임보다 위험정도에 비례하는 처벌 강화 요구는 전통적 형법원칙과 긴장관계를 형성하게 되었다. 이러한 변화는 일반 대중의 불안과 공포를 자극하는 엄벌주의적 포퓰리즘으로 이어지며, 피해자 보호와 피의자 인권보장 사이의 딜레마를 야기한다. 따라서 본 연구는 영미의 이론적 논의를 통해 피해자 보호라는 정당한 목적이 자의적인 국가형벌권 확대로 이어지지 않도록 구체적 입법 기준과 한계를 설정하여 우리 법현실의 맥락에서 피해자 중심주의와 법치주의 원칙 사이의 합리적 균형점을 모색하고, 급변하는 형사사법환경에서 정당한 피해자 지향 형법의 실질을 어떻게 구성할 것인지 심도깊은 논의가 필요함을 제기하고자 한다.
Abstract
One of the most prominent trends in contemporary criminal justice policy is the growing significance of victims in criminal justice decision-making. While recent discourse on victim-centered approaches has predominantly focused on procedural matters, this study examines how victim-oriented discourse has changed the landscape of substantive criminal law through analysis of theoretical discussions and legislative developments in Anglo-American jurisdictions. The enhanced status of victims has influenced criminal substantive law through three mechanisms: the expansion of criminal elements through victim-oriented interpretation, the symbolic use of victims to legitimize state penal power, and the proliferation of risk-based regulations prioritizing potential victim protection over traditional culpability principles. This transformation has fostered a form of punitive populism that mobilizes collective anxiety in service of potential victim protection, thereby creating a tension between victims’ interests and defendants’ rights. By identifying the nexus between victim- oriented discourse and punitive criminal legislative policy trends, this study provides a framework for constructing legitimate victim-oriented criminal law in a rapidly changing criminal justice environment. In particular, drawing upon Anglo-American theoretical discussions, it suggests the need to set specific legislative criteria and limitations to ensure that the legitimate objective of victim protection does not result in arbitrary expansion of state penal power.
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