효봉, 보조 계율사상의 계승과 발전-정혜결사와 삼학을 중심으로-

Abstract

Through the this study, it is possible to identify venerable Hyobong(曉峰, 1888-1966) was the practitioner of the phrase-observing meditation(看話禪) as well as the master of the rules of the discipline. Not only to this, the study enables us to know that Buddhist national teacher Bojo Jinul(普照智訥, 1158-1210) was the one who most affected Hyong. This is largely because his dharma name was changed into Hyobong Haknul(曉奉 學訥), which means ‘learn from the venerable Bojo Jinul’ from Unbong Wonmyeong(雲峰 元明). Furthermore, while staying at the Samil hermitage(三日庵) of the Songgwang temple(松廣寺), Hyobong led the second movement of samādhi and prajñā society(定慧結社) to reenact the cowherd (a metaphor for the task of bringing the mind to awakening) family tradition(牧牛家風) of Bojo and to reawaken the Chan style(禪風) of dual practice of meditation and wisdom(定慧雙修). However, in comparison with the first movement, the second which Hyobong guided was different: while the first movement of samādhi and prajñā society of Bojo was slightly passive and seclusive, the movement of Hyobong was active and aggressive. Such a difference was attributed to the reality of Korean Buddhism at that time when Hyobong had practiced. In other words, Korean Buddhism was threatened not only by the policy of suppressing Buddhism in the Joseon Dynasty period but also by Japanese style Buddhism during Japanese colonial era. Therefore, Hyobong needed to succeed to the spirit of the movement of Bojo by adjusting it in accordance with his time and situation. In addition, with regards to the three disciplines(三學), Hyobong followed the teaching of sixth patriarch Huineng(慧能, 638-713) to develop the doctrine of three disciplines of Bojo. Hyobong, in particular, used an expression ‘a site for a house’ as a metaphor for moral restraints and rules of discipline(戒律) to clarify the fundamental meaning of discipline itself among the three disciplines. The discipline by the precepts has been disregarded among the three disciplines for a long time. However, it was not until he started the second movement that it was possible to know the spirit of the movement of Bojo was rooted in the discipline by the precepts. Moreover, taking the lead in the second samādhi and prajñā movement and the religious order movement for purification, Hyobong had aimed at reforming Korean Buddhism at that time.