China’s Handling of Anti-Japanese Popular Nationalism in its Efforts to Ease Strained Relations with Japan
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After Koizumi stepped down as Japanese prime minister in mid-2006, China moved towards a more moderate and cooperative approach to Japan in order to ease strained relations with the country. First, this article explores the Chinese government’s moves to improve relations with Japan from mid-2006 to late-2008 during which we had witnessed a considerable relaxation of tension between the two countries. Next, this article explores Beijing’s attempts to promote a positive image of Sino-Japanese relations and to ease anti-Japanese sentiments among the Chinese populace in line with its efforts to improve relations with Japan. Lastly, this article explores how the Chinese government’s efforts to improve strained relations with Japan and rein in popular nationalism against Japan mitigate the role of popular nationalism in China’s relations with Japan. It provides some examples of nationalist criticism of the Chinese government’s moderate handling of Japan and related issues and reveals the Chinese government’s sophisticated attempts to avoid or minimise such public criticism of its words and actions. To demonstrate how nationalist criticism can limit Beijing’s cooperation with Japan, this part includes an analysis of online public opinion against the 2008 China-Japan consensus on the East China Sea issue and the Chinese government’s response to such criticisms. This study argues that, when Beijing displays its willingness to improve relations with Tokyo, popular nationalism has little room to have any influence on China’s approach to Japan. Despite such limitations, it is shown that popular nationalism can be an obstacle to China maintaining its moderate and cooperative attitudes towards Japan when the Chinese public perceive such moves as too weak to uphold their core national interests or as hurting their national pride and feelings.
Abstract
After Koizumi stepped down as Japanese prime minister in mid-2006, China moved towards a more moderate and cooperative approach to Japan in order to ease strained relations with the country. First, this article explores the Chinese government’s moves to improve relations with Japan from mid-2006 to late-2008 during which we had witnessed a considerable relaxation of tension between the two countries. Next, this article explores Beijing’s attempts to promote a positive image of Sino-Japanese relations and to ease anti-Japanese sentiments among the Chinese populace in line with its efforts to improve relations with Japan. Lastly, this article explores how the Chinese government’s efforts to improve strained relations with Japan and rein in popular nationalism against Japan mitigate the role of popular nationalism in China’s relations with Japan. It provides some examples of nationalist criticism of the Chinese government’s moderate handling of Japan and related issues and reveals the Chinese government’s sophisticated attempts to avoid or minimise such public criticism of its words and actions. To demonstrate how nationalist criticism can limit Beijing’s cooperation with Japan, this part includes an analysis of online public opinion against the 2008 China-Japan consensus on the East China Sea issue and the Chinese government’s response to such criticisms. This study argues that, when Beijing displays its willingness to improve relations with Tokyo, popular nationalism has little room to have any influence on China’s approach to Japan. Despite such limitations, it is shown that popular nationalism can be an obstacle to China maintaining its moderate and cooperative attitudes towards Japan when the Chinese public perceive such moves as too weak to uphold their core national interests or as hurting their national pride and feelings.
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