개도국 빗물 활용의 효과와 의의: 인도네시아 북부 자카르타 학교 사례를 중심으로
Effects and Implication of Rainwater Utilization in Developing Countries: Focusing on the Case of Schools at North Jakarta, Indonesia
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초록
이 연구는 기반시설이 취약한 상태에서 급속하게 도시화가 이루어져 물 부족 문제가 점차 심각해고 있는 개발도상국에서 빗물 활용이 가질 수 있는 효과와 의의를 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 인도네시아 북부 자카르타는 잦은 홍수, 맑은 물 부족, 과도한 지하수 용출 등 물과 관련된 여러 가지 문제를 겪고 있는 곳으로, 지속가능한 물 관리를 통한 해법이 필요하다. 이 연구에서는 심층면접과 참여관찰을 주요 연구방법으로 택하였다. 북부 자카르타 내에서 빗물을 사용하고 있는 7개 초등학교와 2개 중학교 교사들을 대상으로 연성 물 경로 이론을 토대로 빗물사용경험에 대해 심층 면접을 실시하고 빗물집수장치 설치 학교들을 방문하여 물 이용행태를 직접 관찰하였다. 그 결과 빗물 이용을 통해 가용수자원이 늘어나면서 학생들의 위생 행동 증진, 비상용수 확보, 공공요금 절약, 빗물사용 문화 확산이 일어났으며, 선진국과 비교하였을 때 빗물의 기능과 영향이 훨씬 더 확장된 양상을 띠고 있음을 발견할 수 있었다. 이 사례 연구를 통해 물에 대한 수요를 줄여나가는 것을 핵심으로 하는 선진국형 물 연성 경로에 생활과 건강을 유지하는 데 필요한 물을 빗물로 보강하는 공급 전략을 추가함으로써 ‘개발도상국형 물 연성 경로’가 이론적 실천적으로 보다 확장될 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.
Abstract
This study aims to explore the effects and implications of rainwater utilization in developing countries, where water shortage is becoming an increasingly serious problem due to the rapid urbanization accompanied with vulnerable infrastructure. North Jakarta in Indonesia, experiencing a number of water-related problems such as frequent floods, lack of clean water, and excessive ground-water extraction, requires solutions through sustainable water management. This study used in-depth interviews and participatory observation as research methodologies. In-depth interviews were carried out for seven elementary and two middle school teachers in North Jakarta who have been using rainwater for years and behaviors of targeted school students were observed. The increase in available water resources from rainwater usage has resulted in the promotion of sanitary behavior, securing of emergency water, saving of public utility bills, diffusion of rainwater usage culture. Compared to cases of developed countries, the function and impact of rainwater is further expanded than those of developed ones. This case expands potential and implication of the soft water path theory in that it adds a supply strategy to the original version of water soft path which mainly focuses on demand management. This study proposes 'Developing country version of water soft path,' which offers a solution to supply-side required more water supply to maintain life and health with rainwater.
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