The Case of Correlatives: A Comparison between Natural and Planned Languages
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Since the publication of Volapük, the most important functional and deictic words present in grammar—interrogative, relative and demonstrative pronouns, and adjectives among others—have been described in planned grammars in a series or a table, namely “correlatives,” showing a considerable level of regularity. This article compares the degree of regularity in the correlatives series of International Auxiliary Languages (IALs) with the correlative series of natural languages of the world—e.g., with a special attention English, French, German, and Latin, i.e., the languages that influenced directly the most important IALs, from Volapük (1879)to IALA’s Interlingua (1951). Moreover, some examples in languages not belonging to the Standard Average European (SAE)sprachbund are presented for control. Finally, the correlatives of Klingon and Na’vi, two languages planned in recent times, not for auxiliary but for fictional purposes, are presented by contrast. The main result of this comparison is that, in the case of correlatives,some natural languages are surprisingly far more regular than their planned daughters, in spite of the fact that regularity was a major claim of the efforts in planning IALs during the late XIX and early XX centuries in Europe.
Abstract
Since the publication of Volapük, the most important functional and deictic words present in grammar—interrogative, relative and demonstrative pronouns, and adjectives among others—have been described in planned grammars in a series or a table, namely “correlatives,” showing a considerable level of regularity. This article compares the degree of regularity in the correlatives series of International Auxiliary Languages (IALs) with the correlative series of natural languages of the world—e.g., with a special attention English, French, German, and Latin, i.e., the languages that influenced directly the most important IALs, from Volapük (1879)to IALA’s Interlingua (1951). Moreover, some examples in languages not belonging to the Standard Average European (SAE)sprachbund are presented for control. Finally, the correlatives of Klingon and Na’vi, two languages planned in recent times, not for auxiliary but for fictional purposes, are presented by contrast. The main result of this comparison is that, in the case of correlatives,some natural languages are surprisingly far more regular than their planned daughters, in spite of the fact that regularity was a major claim of the efforts in planning IALs during the late XIX and early XX centuries in Europe.
참고문헌 (54)
- Alfandari, A, "Cours Pratique de Néo" (1961), Éditions Brepols
- Bausani, A, "Le lingue inventate: linguaggi artificiali, linguaggi segreti, linguaggi universali" (1974), Astrolabio Ubaldini
- Berger, R, "Curse de Occidental (Interlingue)" (1949), Occidental- Buró
- Blanke, D, "Internationale Plansprachen" (1985), Akademie Verlag
- Collison, W, "Indication: A Study of Demonstratives, Articles, and Other ‘Indicaters.’", Language Monograph, 17, pp.5~128 (1937)
- Comrie, B, "Language Universals and Linguistic Typology" (1989), University of Chicago
- Comrie, B, "Natural and Artificial International Languages: A Typologist’s Assessment", Journal of Universal Language, 1(1), pp.35~55 (1996)
- Couturat, L, "Histoire de la langue universelle" (1903), Hachette
- de Wahl, E, "Li direction nu secuend", Cosmoglotta, 54, pp.165~169 (1928)
- de Wahl, E, "International o Romanic", Cosmoglotta, 57, pp.27~33 (1929)
- Forster, P, "The Esperanto Movement" (1982), Mouton
- Frank, H, "Sprachorientierungsunterricht. Lingvo- Orientiga Instruado" (1997), Institut für Kybernetik Verlag
- "Some Highlights of Na’vi"[URL]
- Giacomelli, R, "Lo strano caso della signora Hélène Smith" (2006), Scheiwiller
- Gledhill, C, "The Grammar of Esperanto: A Corpus-Based Description" (2000), Lincom Europa
- Gobbo, F, "Verbigerazione fantastica", Italiano & Oltre, 3(4), pp.151~154 (1998)
- Gobbo, F, "The Digital Way to Spread Conlangs in Language at Work: Language Learning, Discourse, and Translation Studies in Internet", pp.45~53 (2005), Publicacions de la Universitat Jaume I
- Federico Gobbo, "The European Union's Need for an International Auxiliary Language", Journal of Universal Language, 6(1), pp.1~28 (2005), 언어연구소
- Gobbo, F, "Planning Languages and Language Planning: The Contribution of Interlinguistics to Cross-Cultural Communication in Multilingualism & Applied Comparative Linguistics I", pp.24~60 (2008), Cambridge Scholars Publishing
- Gobbo, F, "Fondamenti di interlinguistica ed esperantologia" (2009), Raffaello Cortina Editore
- Gobbo, F, "Constructive Adpositional Grammar" (2011), Cambridge Scholars Publishing
- Gode, A, "Interlingua-English Dictionary" (1951), Storm Publishers
- Gode, A, "Interlingua Grammar" (1951), IALA
- Golden, B, "Conservation of the Heritage of Volapük in Esperanto, Interlinguistics, and Planned Language" (1997), University Press of America
- Haas, F, "Grammatica de Interlingue in Interlingue" (1956), Interlingue-Servicie
- Haupenthal, R, "La Esperantisto. Gazeto por la amikoj de la lingvo Esperanto 1889-1895" (1895), Georg Olms Verlag
- Jespersen, O, "Otto Jepersen: An International Language" (2006), Routledge
- Kloczko, E, "Lingue elfiche" (2002), Tre Editori
- Kloczko, E, "Lingue degli Hobbit, dei Nani, degli Orchi" (2004), Tre Editori
- Künzli, A, "L. Zamenhof (1859-1917). Esperanto, Hillelismus (Homaranismus) und die “Judische Frage” in Ost- und Westeuropa" (2010), Harassowitz Verlag
- Large, A, "The Artificial Language Movement" (1985), Blackwell
- Lehmann, W, "Proto-Indo-European Phonology" (1952), University of Texas Press
- Lehmann, W, "Proto-Indo-European Syntax" (1974), University of Texas Press
- Libert, A, "Daughters of Esperanto" (2008), Lincom Europa
- Lindstedt, J, "Native Esperanto as a Test Case for Natural Language", SKY Journal of Linguistics, 19, pp.47~55 (2006)
- Lyons, J, "Natural Language and Universal Grammar I" (1991), Cambridge University Press
- Lyons, J, "Language and Linguistics: An Introduction" (1981), Cambridge University Press
- Maxwell, D, "On the Acquisition of Esperanto", Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 10, pp.51~61 (1988)
- Noel, R, "The Languages of Tolkien’s Middle-Earth" (1980), Mariner Books
- Okrand, M, "The Klingon Dictionary. Addendum Edition" (1992), Pocket Books
- Pennacchietti, F, "L’internazionalità dell’esperanto e il carattere degli elementi indoeuropei in esso in La comunicazione internazionale tra politica e glottodidattica", pp.130~139 (1987), Marzorati
- Poška, A, "Litovaĵoj en la Esperanto-Gramatiko. Interlingvistiko Esperantologio 85" (1981), Bulgara Esperantista Asocio
- Schubert, K, "Interlinguistics—its Aims, its Achievements, and its Place in Language Science in Interlinguistics: Aspects of the Science of Planned Language", pp.249~274 (1989), Mouton de Gruyter
- Solopova, E, "Languages, Myths, and History: An Introduction to the Linguistic and Literary Background of J. Tolkien’s Fiction" (2009), North Landing Books
- Szerdahelyi, I, "Eszperantó. Bevezetés és nyelvgyakorlatok" (1989), Tankönyvkiadó
- Tesnière, L, "Eléments de syntaxe structurale" (1959), Kliencksiek
- Tomasello, M, "Constructing a Language: A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition" (2003), Harvard University Press
- Tresoldi, R, "L’influenza del Volapük di Schleyer su Zamenhof (1879-1887). La influo de la Volapuko de Schleyer sur Zamenhof (1879-1887). InKoj", Interlingvistikaj Kajeroj, 2, pp.112~141 (2011)
- Waringhien, G, "Lingvo kaj vivo" (1959), Stafeto
- Wells, J, "English Esperanto English Dictionary" (2010), Mondial
- Whorf, B, "Grammatical Categories", Language, 21(1), pp.1~11 (1945)
- Yaguello, M, "Lunatic Lovers of Language: Imaginary Languages and their Inventors" (2001), Athlone Press