16세기 지중해 교역의 쇠퇴와 대서양의 흥기에 대한 반론 제기
Revisions of the decline of the Mediterranean trade and the rise of the Atlantic in the sixteenth century
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이 논문은 인도 항로 개발이 지중해 교역의 쇠퇴를 초래했고 그 결과 16세기 서유럽 교역의 중심이 지중해에서 대서양으로 옮겨갔다는 견해를 수정하려고 한다. 우선, 일부 역사가들이 지적했듯이 포르투갈의 인도 항로는 16세기 지중해 향신료 무역에 치명적인 타격을 주지 않았다. 게다가 향신료가 지중해의 중요한 교역품목이었지만 면화, 곡물, 명반, 직물 산업에 필요한 원료 등과 같은 상품들도 대량으로 거래되고 있었다. 그런 연유로 인도 항로로 인한 향신료 무역의 위기나 감소가 지중해 무역 전체의 몰락을 의미하지 않는다. 중세 말 지중해 교역을 주도했던 베네치아와 제노바는 여러 위기, 특히 포르투갈의 인도 항로 개척과 동지중해에서의 오스만의 팽창이라는 위기에 직면했다. 하지만 제노바는 상권을 이베리아 반도로 옮김으로써 동지중해에서 입은 손실을 만회했고, 국제 금융에서 주도적인 역할을 하게 되면서 새로운 상황에 대처했다. 베네치아는 수송과 중계무역이라는 기존의 활동을 유지하면서 새로운 분야인 직물 산업을 발전시켰다. 특히 베네치아의 모직물과 견직물 산업은 16세기 동안 괄목할 성장을 이루었다. 15세기 후반 이후 대서양 선박들은 지중해 진출을 모색했는데 이는 지중해의 경제적 성장으로 상업적 기회가 증가했음을 보여준다. 영국과 동 지중해 사이의 상업 교류는 1581년 레반트 회사가 설립된 이후 비약적으로 발전했다. 더 많은 영국 선박들이 지중해를 드나들었고 최종적으로 영국 선박은 지중해 수송에서 독점적인 위치를 확보했다. 결론적으로 포르투갈이 인도 항로를 개척한 이후에도 지중해 무역이 무너진 일은 발생하지 않았다. 지중해는 이전 세기와 마찬가지로 16세기에도 여전히 경제적 문화적 교류의 장으로서 기능했다.
Abstract
This article aims to make revisions of a widely accepted opinion according to which the discovery of the Cape route to India has lead to the decline of the Mediterranean trade, particularly spice trade, so that the centers of Western trade have shifted from the Mediterranean towards the Atlantic during the sixteenth century. First of all, the Portuguese route to India did not strike an immediate death blow to the Mediterranean spice trade in the sixteenth century as some historians pointed out. In addition, although spices were regarded as one of the most important goods in the Mediterranean trade, the trade of other merchandises including cotton, grain, alum, and raw materials for textile industry, represented a enormous volume of business. Therefore the decrease or crisis in spice trade caused by the Portuguese route to India does not mean the decline of the whole Mediterranean trade. Two maritime republics of Venice and Genoa that had played a major role in the Mediterranean trade in the Later Middle Ages have faced several challenges, particularly the opening of the Cape route to India by Portugal and the expansion of Ottoman Turks in the Levant. However Genoa has adapted herself to new situations by recovering her losses in the East with increasing commercial activities in Spanish-Portuguese peninsula and by playing a leading role in international banking and finance. Venice developed new fields of economic enterprise, particularly textile industry, retaining her traditional activities of transportation and commercial trade. Venetian woollen and silk industries made a phenomenal expansion during the sixteenth century. Lastly, ships of the Atlantic strove to penetrate and intrude into the Mediterranean sea since the late fifteenth century, which meant that new opportunities resulted from economic expansion in the Mediterranean. English trade with the Mediterranean saw a remarkable success since the Levant company was founded in 1581. More and more English ships sailed into the Mediterranean sea and finally came to get a monopolistic position in the Mediterranean transportation. In conclusion, it did not happen that the Mediterranean trade has declined after the opening of the Portuguese route to India. The mediterranean continued to function as an important space of economic and cultural exchanges during the sixteenth century as for previous centuries.
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