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논문KCI 등재

틱 장애의 진단과 치료

Diagnosis and Treatment of Tic Disorders

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참고문헌

주제분류가정의학

초록

틱 장애의 개념 및 분류에 있어서 현재는 DSM-IV를 주로 따르고 있다. 그러나 국제적 질병분류체계인 ICD-10과도 차이는 없다.틱 증상이 지속된 기간에 따라서 일과성 틱장애와 만성 근육 또는 음성 틱장애로 구분하고, 음성 틱과 근육 틱이 어느 한쪽만 나타나느냐 또는 동시에 나타나느냐에 따라서 뚜렛장애와 만성 근육 또는 음성 틱장애로 구분하고 있다.치료의 목표는 아동의 발달력과 장점-약점, 가족 상황, 학교 적응 상태 등을 고려한 포괄적인 것이 필요하다. 치료과정에서는 가족교육이 핵심적인 역할을 하며, 틱 증상의 자기 조절감을 키우기 위한 정신사회적 치료도 필요하다. 틱증상을 경감시키는 데에 가장 효과적인 것은 약물치료로, 만성틱장애, 뚜렛장애는 약물치료를 요하는 경우가 많으나, 증상의 경중에 따라서 다소 가변적이다. 약물치료에서는 haloperidol, pimozide, risperidone이 현재의 선택 약물이라 할 수 있다. 약 70∼80%의 뚜렛장애 또는 틱장애 아동들이 호전된다. 앞으로는 아마도 olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone 등의 비정형 항정신병약물에 대한 연구 결과가 계속 보고될 것이다. 이러한 약물들에 의하여 호전되지 않거나, 또는 심한 부작용이 나타나는 경우, 장기적인 복용으로 지연성 운동부전증의 위험성이 있다고 판단되는 경우에는 이차적인 약물로 clonidine을 시도할 수 있다. 최근에는 α- 2 효현제로서 clonidine보다 반감기가 길고, 부작용이 적은 guanfacine이 시도되어 비교적 양호한 반응을 얻고 있다. 또한 경피 nicotine 첩포 등의 nicotine계 약물은, 아직 단독 투여에 의한 효과는 미지수이지만, 항정신병 약물과 병합 투여 시에 틱증상 완화를 촉진시킬 가능성이 있다. 이런 병합 투여는 장기적으로는 항정신병 약물의 용량을 상대적으로 낮추는 효과를 나타내므로 항정신병약물의 부작용을 줄일 가능성이 크다. 이외에 SSRI, trazodone, naltrexone, cannabinoid, clonazepam, baclofen 등도 시도된 바 있다. 또한 단일 근육 혹은 근육군의 틱 증상에는 botulinum toxin의 직접 주입도 시도되고 있다.강박장애가 동반된 경우에는 fluoxetine을 함께 투여할 수 있으며, 주의력결핍과잉운동장애가 동반된 경우에는 clonidine, guanfacine, desipramine을 시도해 볼 수 있다.

Abstract

Tics are brief, rapid and repetitive movement and sounds that are either simple or complex in presentation. Tics can be preceded by a premonitory urge (sensation) that decreases after tic is completed. The fourth edition of Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM- IV) includes diagnoses for Tourettes disorder, chronic motor or vocal tic disorder, transient tic disorder and tic disorder not otherwise specified (Table 1) according to the duration of tic symptoms and degree of complexity. The purposes of treatment of tic disorders must be set up based on the comprehensive evaluation of developmental profiles, strength, weakness, family situation, and school adaptation status. The family education must be included early in treatment process and psychosocial treatment including the cognitive behavioral therapy will be needed to develop and maintain the self-efficacy in controlling the tic symptoms. The most effective and efficient method for the reduction of tic symptoms, however, are drug treatment. The pharmacotherapy is usually one component of treatment for chronic tic disorder and Tourettes disorder. The gold standard for tic reduction is the dopaminergic receptor blocking agent (or antipsychotic agent, neuroleptics). The primary drugs are haloperidol, pimozide, and risperidone. Among theses, risperidone will be the primary choice because of its low side effect profiles, esp, neurologic side effects. In the near future, the studies on the efficacy of the olanzapine, quetiapine and ziprasidone will be more reported. As second line drugs, clionidine, guanfacine, nicotine related drugs can be considered.

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