中國 新石器時代의 顔料

Abstract

The result made by the research of the pigments which appeared in the Neolithic age based on the rock painting, the porcelains colored after firing(彩繪陶), the porcelains colored before firing(彩陶), the wall paintings of the primitive shelters or tombs, the painting tools with the traces of color pigments, the fragments etc. shows that the pigments of the Neolithic age are elementally limited to 3 colors such as black, white and red and the use of other pigments except the yellow and white color hasn’t been found yet with the uncertain reason like the damage of the relic. As the other pigments except three colors haven’t been found in the rock painting having lots of examples and spreading across a wide range of the region, many painting tools having the remaining parts of the pigment and the pigments excavated from the residence and the graveyard, they could be used but are thought to have been so little in the importance. Specifically the red color can be confirmed in the rock painting, the porcelains colored after firing, the pigments having hermatite(Fe2O3, 赤鐵礦) and cinnabar(HgS, 朱砂) as the main components and the white color in the porcelains colored after firing having calcite(CaCO3, 方解石) and gypsum(CaSO4, 石膏) as the main components. The black color doesn’t have many examples of the black pigment but the use of carbon(C, 黑炭) can be found in the wall paintings of the primitive shelters or tombs on the floor of the residence. While hermatite is found in the wide region usually, the region having used cinnabar appears to be so confined. The first reason looks likely that an area of origin of cinnabar was so limited compared with that of hermatite as the next generation. The relation between the pigment and the color on the porcelains colored before firing of the Neolithic age is not easy to clarify but it looks to be caused by the red and purple pigment of hermatite except the white color. In the case of the hermatite, not only the red color but also the purple color became to be added according to the content difference of Fe2O3 and SiO2. It is understood that they developed the various colors such as red, purple, black, red purple, black red, black purple, black brown and so on. The discoloration experiment of the purple pigment into the black color provides a possible ground but the fact that the pigments and the traces of color pigments excavated with the porcelains colored before firing at the excavations of the porcelains colored where the black color occupies mostly are confined mainly to the red color reflects that circumstance sufficiently. the example of the use of cinnabar in the porcelains colored before firing has not been found yet but it has been found in the porcelains colored after firing and the rock painting and considerable amount of cinnabar is being excavated in the graveyard where the porcelains colored before firing is excavated so the possibility of the example can’t be ruled out. The kind of the pigment which appeared in the Neolithic age cannot be said to be various but the pigments such as hermatite, cinnabar and calcite having used so extensively in the coming generation of China had already appeared around 5000 B.C.