Immunostimulatory Effects of Cordyceps militaris on Macrophages by the Enhanced Production of Cytokines through the Activation of NF-κB
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Cordyceps militaris has been used in traditional medicine to treat numerous diseases and is reported to have antitumor and immunomodulatory activities in vitro and in vivo. The pharmacological and biochemical mechanisms of Cordyceps militaris extract (CME) on macrophages have not been clearly elucidated. In the present study, we tested the How CME induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines,transcription factor and the expression of co-stimulatory molecules was examined. Methods: We confirmed the levels of proinflammatory cytokines mRNA and protein of cytokines through RT-PCR and western blot analysis and followed by FACS analysis for the surface molecules. Results:CME increased the production of NO and proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and PGE2, dose-dependently and induced protein levels of iNOS, COX-2, and proinflammatory cytokines in a concentration-dependent manner, as determined by western blot and RT-PCR analysis,respectively. The expression of co-stimulatory molecules such as ICAM-1, B7-1, and B7-2 was enhanced by CME. Furthermore, the activation of nuclear transcription factor NF-κB in macrophages was stimulated by CME. Conclusion:Based on these observations, CME increased proinflammatory cytokines through the activation of NF-κB, further suggesting that CME will provide potential use as an immune enhancing agent for treating immunological diseases.
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris has been used in traditional medicine to treat numerous diseases and is reported to have antitumor and immunomodulatory activities in vitro and in vivo. The pharmacological and biochemical mechanisms of Cordyceps militaris extract (CME) on macrophages have not been clearly elucidated. In the present study, we tested the How CME induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines,transcription factor and the expression of co-stimulatory molecules was examined. Methods: We confirmed the levels of proinflammatory cytokines mRNA and protein of cytokines through RT-PCR and western blot analysis and followed by FACS analysis for the surface molecules. Results:CME increased the production of NO and proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and PGE2, dose-dependently and induced protein levels of iNOS, COX-2, and proinflammatory cytokines in a concentration-dependent manner, as determined by western blot and RT-PCR analysis,respectively. The expression of co-stimulatory molecules such as ICAM-1, B7-1, and B7-2 was enhanced by CME. Furthermore, the activation of nuclear transcription factor NF-κB in macrophages was stimulated by CME. Conclusion:Based on these observations, CME increased proinflammatory cytokines through the activation of NF-κB, further suggesting that CME will provide potential use as an immune enhancing agent for treating immunological diseases.
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