본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

Clinical Characteristics and Treatment of Immune-Related Adverse Events of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

이승룡|Juwhan Choi
대한면역학회 (The Korean Association of Immunologists)|2020.02|Immune Network|제20권 제1호|pp. 1-21|DOI 10.4110/in.2020.20.e9

2

조회

0

다운로드

5

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

Adverse eventsImmune checkpoint inhibitorProgrammed cell death 1

초록

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been changing the paradigm of cancer treatment. However, immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) have also increased with the exponential increase in the use of ICIs. ICIs can break up the immunologic homeostasis and reduce T-cell tolerance. Therefore, inhibition of immune checkpoint can lead to the activation of autoreactive T-cells, resulting in various irAEs similar to autoimmune diseases. Gastrointestinal toxicity, endocrine toxicity, and dermatologic toxicity are common side effects. Neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and pulmonary toxicity are relatively rare but can be fatal. ICI-related gastrointestinal toxicity, dermatologic toxicity, and hypophysitis are more common with anti- CTLA-4 agents. ICI-related pulmonary toxicity, thyroid dysfunction, and myasthenia gravis are more common with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Treatment with systemic steroids is the principal strategy against irAEs. The use of immune-modulatory agents should be considered in case of no response to the steroid therapy. Treatment under the supervision of multidisciplinary specialists is also essential, because the symptoms and treatments of irAEs could involve many organs. Thus, this review focuses on the mechanism, clinical presentation, incidence, and treatment of various irAEs.

Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been changing the paradigm of cancer treatment. However, immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) have also increased with the exponential increase in the use of ICIs. ICIs can break up the immunologic homeostasis and reduce T-cell tolerance. Therefore, inhibition of immune checkpoint can lead to the activation of autoreactive T-cells, resulting in various irAEs similar to autoimmune diseases. Gastrointestinal toxicity, endocrine toxicity, and dermatologic toxicity are common side effects. Neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and pulmonary toxicity are relatively rare but can be fatal. ICI-related gastrointestinal toxicity, dermatologic toxicity, and hypophysitis are more common with anti- CTLA-4 agents. ICI-related pulmonary toxicity, thyroid dysfunction, and myasthenia gravis are more common with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. Treatment with systemic steroids is the principal strategy against irAEs. The use of immune-modulatory agents should be considered in case of no response to the steroid therapy. Treatment under the supervision of multidisciplinary specialists is also essential, because the symptoms and treatments of irAEs could involve many organs. Thus, this review focuses on the mechanism, clinical presentation, incidence, and treatment of various irAEs.

참고문헌 (131)

  1. Topalian SL, "Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer", N Engl J Med, 366, pp.2443~2454 (2012)
  2. Tang J, "Trial watch : The clinical trial landscape for PD1", PDL1 immune checkpoint inhibitors, 2018, pp.17, 854~855
  3. Wang DY, "Fatal toxic effects associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors : a systematic review and meta-analysis", JAMA Oncol, 4, pp.1721~1728 (2018)
  4. Wolchok JD, "Overall survival with combined nivolumab and ipilimumab in advanced melanoma", N Engl J Med, 377, pp.1345~1356 (2017)
  5. Yu Y, "Coverage evaluation of CTCAE for capturing the immune-related adverse events leveraging text mining technologies", AMIA Jt Summits Transl Sci Proc, 2019, pp.771~778 (2019)
  6. Brahmer JR, "Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy : American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline", J Clin Oncol, 36, pp.1714~1768 (2018)
  7. Haanen JB, "ESMO Guidelines Committee. Management of toxicities from immunotherapy: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up", Ann Oncol, 29, pp.iv264~iv266 (2018)
  8. Teulings HE, "Vitiligo-like depigmentation in patients with stage III-IV melanoma receiving immunotherapy and its association with survival : a systematic review and meta-analysis", J Clin Oncol, 33, pp.773~781 (2015)
  9. Deltombe C, "Severe allograft rejection and autoimmune hemolytic anemia after anti-PD1 therapy in a kidney transplanted patient", Transplantation, 101, pp.e291~ (2017)
  10. Postow MA, "Immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade", N Engl J Med, 378, pp.158~168 (2018)
  11. Byrne EH, "Immune and molecular correlates in melanoma treated with immune checkpoint blockade", Cancer, 123, pp.2143~2153 (2017)
  12. Kimbara S, "Association of antithyroglobulin antibodies with the development of thyroid dysfunction induced by nivolumab", Cancer Sci, 109, pp.3583~3590 (2018)
  13. Iwama S, "Pituitary expression of CTLA-4 mediates hypophysitis secondary to administration of CTLA-4 blocking antibody", Sci Transl Med, 6, pp.230~ (2014)
  14. Baban B, "Upregulation of programmed death-1 and its ligand in cardiac injury models : interaction with GADD153", PLoS One, 10, pp.e0124059~ (2015)
  15. Haanen JB, "ESMO Guidelines Committee. Management of toxicities from immunotherapy: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up", Ann Oncol, 28, pp.iv119~iv142 (2017)
  16. Robert C, "Pembrolizumab versus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma", N Engl J Med, 372, pp.2521~2532 (2015)
  17. Schachter J, "Pembrolizumab versus ipilimumab for advanced melanoma : final overall survival results of a multicentre, randomised, open-label phase 3 study(KEYNOTE-006)", Lancet, 390, pp.1853~1862 (2017)
  18. de Malet A, "Evolution and recurrence of gastrointestinal immune-related adverse events induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors", Eur J Cancer, 106, pp.106~114 (2019)
  19. Geukes Foppen MH, "Immune checkpoint inhibition-related colitis : symptoms, endoscopic features, histology and response to management", ESMO Open, 3, pp.e000278~ (2018)
  20. Gupta A, "Systematic review : colitis associated with anti-CTLA-4 therapy", Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 42, pp.406~417 (2015)
  21. Samaan MA, "Gastrointestinal toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors : from mechanisms to management", Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 15, pp.222~234 (2018)
  22. Beniwal-Patel P, "Infliximab therapy for corticosteroid-resistant ipilimumab-induced colitis", J Gastrointestin Liver Dis, 24, pp.274~ (2015)
  23. Hsieh AH, "Vedolizumab : a novel treatment for ipilimumab-induced colitis", BMJ Case Rep, 2016, pp.bcr2016216641~ (2016)
  24. Gong J, "The gut microbiome and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors : preclinical and clinical strategies", Clin Transl Med, 8, pp.9~ (2019)
  25. Roy S, "Microbiota : a key orchestrator of cancer therapy", Nat Rev Cancer, 17, pp.271~285 (2017)
  26. Dubin K, "Intestinal microbiome analyses identify melanoma patients at risk for checkpoint-blockade-induced colitis", Nat Commun, 7, pp.10391~ (2016)
  27. Pezo RC, "Impact of the gut microbiota on immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated toxicities", Therap Adv Gastroenterol, 12, pp.1756284819870911~ (2019)
  28. Wang Y, "Fecal microbiota transplantation for refractory immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated colitis", Nat Med, 24, pp.1804~1808 (2018)
  29. Jennings JJ, "Hepatotoxicity induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors : a comprehensive review including current and alternative management strategies", Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol, 15, pp.231~244 (2019)
  30. Zen Y, "Hepatotoxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors : a histology study of seven cases in comparison with autoimmune hepatitis and idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury", Mod Pathol, 31, pp.965~973 (2018)
  31. De Martin E, "Characterization of liver injury induced by cancer immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors", J Hepatol, 68, pp.1181~1190 (2018)
  32. Wang W, "Risk of hepatotoxicity in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors : a systematic review and meta-analysis of published data", Int J Cancer, 141, pp.1018~1028 (2017)
  33. Kim KW, "Ipilimumab associated hepatitis : imaging and clinicopathologic findings", Invest New Drugs, 31, pp.1071~1077 (2013)
  34. Koksal AS, "HBV-related acute hepatitis due to immune checkpoint inhibitors in a patient with malignant melanoma", Ann Oncol, 28, pp.3103~3104 (2017)
  35. Brahmer JR, "Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy : American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline summary", J Oncol Pract, 14, pp.247~249 (2018)
  36. Perazella MA, "Nephrotoxicity of cancer immunotherapies : past, present and future", J Am Soc Nephrol, 29, pp.2039~2052 (2018)
  37. Paueksakon P, "Drug-induced nephropathies", Histopathology, 70, pp.94~108 (2017)
  38. Marco T, "The mechanisms of acute interstitial nephritis in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma", Ther Adv Med Oncol, 11, pp.1758835919875549~ (2019)
  39. Mamlouk O, "Nephrotoxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors beyond tubulointerstitial nephritis : single-center experience", J Immunother Cancer, 7, pp.2~ (2019)
  40. Izzedine H, "Kidney injuries related to ipilimumab", Invest New Drugs, 32, pp.769~773 (2014)
  41. Manohar S, "Programmed cell death protein 1 inhibitor treatment is associated with acute kidney injury and hypocalcemia : meta-analysis", Nephrol Dial Transplant, 34, pp.108~117 (2019)
  42. Cortazar FB, "Clinicopathological features of acute kidney injury associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors", Kidney Int, 90, pp.638~647 (2016)
  43. Wanchoo R, "Cancer and Kidney International Network Workgroup on Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Adverse renal effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a narrative review", Am J Nephrol, 45, pp.160~169 (2017)
  44. Hughes J, "Precipitation of autoimmune diabetes with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy", Diabetes Care, 38, pp.e55~ (2015)
  45. Shirali AC, "Association of acute interstitial nephritis with programmed cell death 1 inhibitor therapy in lung cancer patients", Am J Kidney Dis, 68, pp.287~291 (2016)
  46. Koda R, "Immune checkpoint inhibitor(nivolumab)-associated kidney injury and the importance of recognizing concomitant medications known to cause acute tubulointerstitial nephritis : a case report", BMC Nephrol, 19, pp.48~ (2018)
  47. Maggiore U, "The bad and the good news on cancer immunotherapy : Implications for organ transplant recipients", Adv Chronic Kidney Dis, 23, pp.312~316 (2016)
  48. Chang LS, "Endocrine toxicity of cancer immunotherapy targeting immune checkpoints", Endocr Rev, 40, pp.17~65 (2019)
  49. Hodi FS, "Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma", N Engl J Med, 363, pp.711~723 (2010)
  50. González-Rodríguez E, "Spanish Group for Cancer Immuno-Biotherapy (GETICA). Immune checkpoint inhibitors: Review and management of endocrine adverse events", Oncologist, 21, pp.804~816 (2016)
  51. Boasberg P, "Ipilimumab : unleashing the power of the immune system through CTLA-4 blockade", Semin Oncol, 37, pp.440~449 (2010)
  52. de Filette J, "A systematic review and meta-analysis of endocrine-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors", Horm Metab Res, 51, pp.145~156 (2019)
  53. Sznol M, "Endocrine-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade and expert insights on their management", Cancer Treat Rev, 58, pp.70~76 (2017)
  54. Caturegli P, "Hypophysitis secondary to cytotoxic t-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 blockade : Insights into pathogenesis from an autopsy series", Am J Pathol, 186, pp.3225~3235 (2016)
  55. Faje AT, "Ipilimumab-induced hypophysitis : a detailed longitudinal analysis in a large cohort of patients with metastatic melanoma", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 99, pp.4078~4085 (2014)
  56. Dillard T, "Anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy associated autoimmune hypophysitis : serious immune related adverse events across a spectrum of cancer subtypes", Pituitary, 13, pp.29~38 (2010)
  57. Blansfield JA, "Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 blockage can induce autoimmune hypophysitis in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cancer", J Immunother, 28, pp.593~598 (2005)
  58. Ntali G, "Endocrine sequelae of immune checkpoint inhibitors", Hormones(Athens), 16, pp.341~350 (2017)
  59. Barroso-Sousa R, "Incidence of endocrine dysfunction following the use of different immune checkpoint inhibitor regimens : a systematic review and meta-analysis", JAMA Oncol, 4, pp.173~182 (2018)
  60. Barroso-Sousa R, "Endocrine dysfunction induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors : Practical recommendations for diagnosis and clinical management", Cancer, 124, pp.1111~1121 (2018)
  61. Illouz F, "Endocrine toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors : essential crosstalk between endocrinologists and oncologists", Cancer Med, 6, pp.1923~1929 (2017)
  62. de Filette J, "Incidence of thyroid-related adverse events in melanoma patients treated with pembrolizumab", J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 101, pp.4431~4439 (2016)
  63. Sui JD, "Risk of hematologic toxicities with programmed cell death-1 inhibitors in cancer patients : a meta-analysis of current studies", Drug Des Devel Ther, 12, pp.1645~1657 (2018)
  64. Calvo R, "Hematological side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors : the example of immune-related thrombocytopenia", Front Pharmacol, 10, pp.454~ (2019)
  65. Davis EJ, "Hematologic complications of immune checkpoint inhibitors", Oncologist, 24, pp.584~588 (2019)
  66. Jagpal A, "Severe arthritis and tenosynovitis caused by immune checkpoint blockade therapy with pembrolizumab(anti-PD-1 antibody)", Proc Bayl Univ Med Cent, 32, pp.419~421 (2019)
  67. Ribas A, "Pembrolizumab versus investigator-choice chemotherapy for ipilimumab-refractory melanoma(KEYNOTE-002) : a randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial", Lancet Oncol, 16, pp.908~918 (2015)
  68. Baxi S, "Immune-related adverse events for anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 drugs : systematic review and meta-analysis", BMJ, 360, pp.k793~ (2018)
  69. Cappelli LC, "Inflammatory arthritis due to immune checkpoint inhibitors : challenges in diagnosis and treatment", Immunotherapy, 9, pp.5~8 (2017)
  70. Naidoo J, "Inflammatory arthritis : a newly recognized adverse event of immune checkpoint blockade", Oncologist, 22, pp.627~630 (2017)
  71. Puzanov I, "Managing toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors : consensus recommendations from the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer(SITC)Toxicity Management Working Group", J Immunother Cancer, 5, pp.95~ (2017)
  72. Tawnie J Braaten, "Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced inflammatory arthritis persists after immunotherapy cessation", Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 79(3), pp.332~338 (2020), BMJ[DOI]
  73. Horvat TZ, "Immune-related adverse events, need for systemic immunosuppression, and effects on survival and time to treatment failure in patients with melanoma treated with ipilimumab at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center", J Clin Oncol, 33, pp.3193~3198 (2015)
  74. Jaber SH, "Skin reactions in a subset of patients with stage IV melanoma treated with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 monoclonal antibody as a single agent", Arch Dermatol, 142, pp.166~172 (2006)
  75. Belum VR, "Characterisation and management of dermatologic adverse events to agents targeting the PD-1 receptor", Eur J Cancer, 60, pp.12~25 (2016)
  76. Lacouture ME, "Ipilimumab in patients with cancer and the management of dermatologic adverse events", J Am Acad Dermatol, 71, pp.161~169 (2014)
  77. Voskens CJ, "The price of tumor control : an analysis of rare side effects of anti-CTLA-4 therapy in metastatic melanoma from the ipilimumab network", PLoS One, 8, pp.e53745~ (2013)
  78. Naidoo J, "Autoimmune bullous skin disorders with immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1 and PD-L1", Cancer Immunol Res, 4, pp.383~389 (2016)
  79. Curry JL, "Diverse types of dermatologic toxicities from immune checkpoint blockade therapy", J Cutan Pathol, 44, pp.158~176 (2017)
  80. Tarhini A., "Immune-mediated adverse events associated with ipilimumab CTLA-4 blockade therapy: the underlying mechanisms and clinical management", Scientifica(Cairo), 2013, pp.857519~ (2013)
  81. Minkis K, "The risk of rash associated with ipilimumab in patients with cancer : a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis", J Am Acad Dermatol, 69, pp.e121~ (2013)
  82. Freeman-Keller M, "Nivolumab in resected and unresectable metastatic melanoma : characteristics of immune-related adverse events and association with outcomes", Clin Cancer Res, 22, pp.886~894 (2016)
  83. Zimmer L, "Side effects of systemic oncological therapies in dermatology", J Dtsch Dermatol Ges, 10, pp.475~486 (2012)
  84. Collins LK, "Cutaneous adverse effects of the immune checkpoint inhibitors", Curr Probl Cancer, 41, pp.125~128 (2017)
  85. Spain L, "How we treat neurological toxicity from immune checkpoint inhibitors", ESMO Open, 4, pp.e000540~ (2019)
  86. Johnson DB, "Neurologic toxicity associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors : a pharmacovigilance study", J Immunother Cancer, 7, pp.134~ (2019)
  87. Spain L, "Neurotoxicity from immune-checkpoint inhibition in the treatment of melanoma : a single centre experience and review of the literature", Ann Oncol, 28, pp.377~385 (2017)
  88. Cuzzubbo S, "Neurological adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors : review of the literature", Eur J Cancer, 73, pp.1~8 (2017)
  89. Manousakis G, "Multifocal radiculoneuropathy during ipilimumab treatment of melanoma", Muscle Nerve, 48, pp.440~444 (2013)
  90. Touat M, "Neurological toxicities associated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors", Curr Opin Neurol, 30, pp.659~668 (2017)
  91. Moslehi JJ, "Increased reporting of fatal immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis", Lancet, 391, pp.933~ (2018)
  92. Anquetil C, "Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myositis", Circulation, 138, pp.743~745 (2018)
  93. Becquart O, "Myasthenia gravis induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors", J Immunother, 42, pp.309~312 (2019)
  94. Reardon DA, "Glioblastoma eradication following immune checkpoint blockade in an orthotopic, immunocompetent model", Cancer Immunol Res, 4, pp.124~135 (2016)
  95. McGinnis GJ, "Neuroinflammatory and cognitive consequences of combined radiation and immunotherapy in a novel preclinical model", Oncotarget, 8, pp.9155~9173 (2017)
  96. McGinnis GJ, "CNS side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors : preclinical models, genetics and multimodality therapy", Immunotherapy, 9, pp.929~941 (2017)
  97. Antoun J, "Ocular and orbital side-effects of checkpoint inhibitors : a review article", Curr Opin Oncol, 28, pp.288~294 (2016)
  98. Michel M. Sun, "Uveitis in Patients Treated with CTLA-4 and PD-1 Checkpoint Blockade Inhibition", Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 28(2), pp.217~227 (2020), Informa UK Limited[DOI]
  99. Abdel-Rahman O, "Immune-related ocular toxicities in solid tumor patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors : a systematic review", Expert Rev Anticancer Ther, 17, pp.387~394 (2017)
  100. Lavezzo MM, "Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease : review of a rare autoimmune disease targeting antigens of melanocytes", Orphanet J Rare Dis, 11, pp.29~ (2016)
  101. Diem S, "Pembrolizumab-triggered uveitis : An additional surrogate marker for responders in melanoma immunotherapy", J Immunother, 39, pp.379~382 (2016)
  102. Conrady CD, "Checkpoint inhibitor-induced uveitis : a case series", Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 256, pp.187~191 (2018)
  103. Michel L, "Cardiotoxicity from immune checkpoint inhibitors", Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc, 25, pp.100420~ (2019)
  104. Ganatra S, "Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis", Oncologist, 23, pp.879~886 (2018)
  105. Bonaca MP, "Myocarditis in the setting of cancer therapeutics : Proposed case definitions for emerging clinical syndromes in cardio-oncology", Circulation, 140, pp.80~91 (2019)
  106. Yang S, "Cardiotoxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors", Curr Probl Cancer, 42, pp.422~432 (2018)
  107. Neilan TG, "Myocarditis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors : an expert consensus on data gaps and a call to action", Oncologist, 23, pp.874~878 (2018)
  108. Totzeck M, "Cardio-oncology-strategies for management of cancer-therapy related cardiovascular disease", Int J Cardiol, 280, pp.163~175 (2019)
  109. Johnson DB, "Fulminant myocarditis with combination immune checkpoint blockade", N Engl J Med, 375, pp.1749~1755 (2016)
  110. Mahmood SS, "Myocarditis in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors", J Am Coll Cardiol, 71, pp.1755~1764 (2018)
  111. Escudier M, "Clinical features, management, and outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related cardiotoxicity", Circulation, 136, pp.2085~2087 (2017)
  112. Arangalage D, "Survival after fulminant myocarditis induced by immune-checkpoint inhibitors", Ann Intern Med, 167, pp.683~684 (2017)
  113. Salem JE, "Abatacept for severe immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated myocarditis", N Engl J Med, 380, pp.2377~2379 (2019)
  114. Esfahani K, "Alemtuzumab for immune-related myocarditis due to PD-1 therapy", N Engl J Med, 380, pp.2375~2376 (2019)
  115. Lyon AR, "Immune checkpoint inhibitors and cardiovascular toxicity", Lancet Oncol, 19, pp.e447~ (2018)
  116. Tajmir-Riahi A, "Life-threatening autoimmune cardiomyopathy reproducibly induced in a patient by checkpoint inhibitor therapy", J Immunother, 41, pp.35~38 (2018)
  117. Tajiri K, "Cardiac complications in immune checkpoint inhibition therapy", Front Cardiovasc Med, 6, pp.3~ (2019)
  118. Wang J, "PD-1 deficiency results in the development of fatal myocarditis in MRL mice", Int Immunol, 22, pp.443~452 (2010)
  119. Nishimura H, "Autoimmune dilated cardiomyopathy in PD-1 receptor-deficient mice", Science, 291, pp.319~322 (2001)
  120. Waterhouse P, "Lymphoproliferative disorders with early lethality in mice deficient in Ctla-4", Science, 270, pp.985~988 (1995)
  121. Naidoo J, "Pneumonitis in patients treated with anti-programmed death-1", programmed death ligand 1 therapy, 2017, pp.35, 709~717
  122. Kalisz KR, "Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy-related pneumonitis : patterns and management", Radiographics, 39, pp.1923~1937 (2019)
  123. Suresh K, "Immune checkpoint immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer : benefits and pulmonary toxicities", Chest, 154, pp.1416~1423 (2018)
  124. Ma K, "The relative risk and incidence of immune checkpoint inhibitors related pneumonitis in patients with advanced cancer : a meta-analysis", Front Pharmacol, 9, pp.1430~ (2018)
  125. Sternschein R, "Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis. Incidence, risk factors, and clinical and radiographic features", Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 198, pp.951~953 (2018)
  126. Cho JY, "Characteristics, incidence, and risk factors of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer", Lung Cancer, 125, pp.150~156 (2018)
  127. Shaverdian N, "Previous radiotherapy and the clinical activity and toxicity of pembrolizumab in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer : a secondary analysis of the KEYNOTE-001 phase 1 trial", Lancet Oncol, 18, pp.895~903 (2017)
  128. Nishino M, "PD-1 inhibitor-related pneumonitis in advanced cancer patients : Radiographic patterns and clinical course", Clin Cancer Res, 22, pp.6051~6060 (2016)
  129. Sears CR, "Knowledge gaps and research priorities in immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis. An official American Thoracic Society research statement", Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 200, pp.e31~ (2019)
  130. Delaunay M, "Immune-checkpoint inhibitors associated with interstitial lung disease in cancer patients", Eur Respir J, 50, pp.1700050~ (2017)
  131. Nishino M, "Anti-PD-1 inhibitor-related pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer", Cancer Immunol Res, 4, pp.289~293 (2016)

관련 논문AI추천

암면역치료 연관 내분비 이상반응김하나, 박영주, 조선욱대한갑상선학회 · International Journal of Thyroidology2019 · 제12권 제2호The Pattern of Time to Onset and Resolution of Immune-Related Adverse Events Caused by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of 23 Clinical Trials and 8,436 PatientsCheng Xu, Jun Ma, Lei Chen, Ling-Long Tang, Qing Liu, Si-Qi Tang, Wen-Fei Li, Yan-Ping Mao, Ying Guo, Ying Sun, Yuan Zhang대한암학회 · Cancer Research and Treatment2021 · 제53권 제2호Rheumatic complications in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors김해림, 윤소영, 이경안대한내과학회 · The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine2019 · 제34권 제6호Incidence and risk factors of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis in Korean patients with cancerEun Soo Kim, Hyun Seok Lee, Tae Kyun Kim대한내과학회 · The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine2025 · 제40권 제1호PD-1 억제제의 사용패턴 및 갑상선 관련 유해사례 발현 양상 분석김희재, 민명숙, 서동철, 정선영, 황서영한국임상약학회 · 한국임상약학회지2021 · 제31권 제3호Patterns of hormonal changes in hypophysitis by immune checkpoint inhibitorEun Hee Koh, Hwa Jung Kim, Hyunji Sang, Sang-hyeok Go, Yun Kyung Cho대한내과학회 · The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine2024 · 제39권 제5호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (10건)

Current Status and Future Direction of Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: What Do the Data Suggest?박준용, Hye Won Lee, Kyung Joo Chopp. 1-14Re-defining T-Cell Exhaustion: Subset, Function, and Regulation하상준, Se Jin Impp. 1-19Coalition Forces of Immunologists and Oncologists for Defeating Cancer신의철, Deputy Editor, Immune Networkpp. 1-2Peripheral Blood Immune Cell-based Biomarkers in Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Therapy신의철, 김경환, Chang Gon Kimpp. 1-15Heterogeneity of Human γδ T Cells and Their Role in Cancer Immunity김태진, Hye Won Lee, Yun Shin Chungpp. 1-15
원문 보기