Fermented soybeans by Rhizopus oligosporus reduce femoral bone loss in ovariectomized rats
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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Soy isoflavones are structurally similar to estrogen and bind to estrogen receptors, suggesting thatthey exhibit estrogenic activities; therefore, they are referred to as phytoestrogens. Fermentation may affect the bioavailabilityof isoflavones altering soy isoflavone glycosides in the form of aglycones. Thus, this study investigated the effects of fermentedsoybeans by Rhizopus oligosporus on bone metabolism in both young rats as a pilot test and in ovariectomized (ovx) oldrats as a model of menopause. MATERIALS/METHODS: In the pilot test, a total of 24 seven-week-old female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed one of threediets for a period of four weeks: casein, unfermented soybean product, or fermented soybean product by R. oligosporus. Inthe ovx rat model, 20-week-old SD rats weighing 260-290 g underwent either sham-operation (n = 10) or bilateral ovariectomy(n = 30) and were then fed the AIN-93M diet for one week. Thereafter, rats were fed sham-casein, ovx-casein, ovx-soybean,or ovx-fermented soybean diet for five weeks. After decapitation, femoral bones were isolated and preserved in 9% formalinfor assessment of bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone-breaking strength (BBS). RESULTS: Ovx rats showed significantly increased weight gain and decreased uterine wet weight. Of particular interest, ovxrats fed fermented soybeans showed increased uterine wet weights compared to control rats. Fermented soybean diet causeda significant increase in plasma 17-β estradiol concentrations in young rats, and 17-β estradiol levels were enhanced in ovxrats to match those of sham-operated ones. Significantly lower femoral BMD and BMC were observed in ovx rats comparedto sham-operated controls, whereas bone areas did not differ statistically among the groups. In addition, BBS tended to beincreased in ovx rats fed soybeans and fermented soybeans. CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation of fermented soybeans could have preventive and therapeutic effects against osteoporosisin postmenopausal women.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Soy isoflavones are structurally similar to estrogen and bind to estrogen receptors, suggesting thatthey exhibit estrogenic activities; therefore, they are referred to as phytoestrogens. Fermentation may affect the bioavailabilityof isoflavones altering soy isoflavone glycosides in the form of aglycones. Thus, this study investigated the effects of fermentedsoybeans by Rhizopus oligosporus on bone metabolism in both young rats as a pilot test and in ovariectomized (ovx) oldrats as a model of menopause. MATERIALS/METHODS: In the pilot test, a total of 24 seven-week-old female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed one of threediets for a period of four weeks: casein, unfermented soybean product, or fermented soybean product by R. oligosporus. Inthe ovx rat model, 20-week-old SD rats weighing 260-290 g underwent either sham-operation (n = 10) or bilateral ovariectomy(n = 30) and were then fed the AIN-93M diet for one week. Thereafter, rats were fed sham-casein, ovx-casein, ovx-soybean,or ovx-fermented soybean diet for five weeks. After decapitation, femoral bones were isolated and preserved in 9% formalinfor assessment of bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone-breaking strength (BBS). RESULTS: Ovx rats showed significantly increased weight gain and decreased uterine wet weight. Of particular interest, ovxrats fed fermented soybeans showed increased uterine wet weights compared to control rats. Fermented soybean diet causeda significant increase in plasma 17-β estradiol concentrations in young rats, and 17-β estradiol levels were enhanced in ovxrats to match those of sham-operated ones. Significantly lower femoral BMD and BMC were observed in ovx rats comparedto sham-operated controls, whereas bone areas did not differ statistically among the groups. In addition, BBS tended to beincreased in ovx rats fed soybeans and fermented soybeans. CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation of fermented soybeans could have preventive and therapeutic effects against osteoporosisin postmenopausal women.
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