Vitamin E status of 20- to 59-year-old adults living in the Seoul metropolitan area of South Korea
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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin and functions primarily as a lipid antioxidant. Inadequate vitaminE status may increase risk of several chronic diseases. Thus, the objectives of this study were to estimate intake and plasmaconcentration of each tocopherol and to evaluate vitamin E status of Korean adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Three consecutive 24-h food recalls and fasting blood samples were collected from healthy 20- to 59-y-oldadults (33 males and 73 females) living in the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea. α-, β-, δ-, and γ-tocopherol intakes andplasma concentrations of tocopherols (α-, δ-, and γ- tocopherol) were analyzed by gender. RESULTS: Dietary vitamin E and total vitamin E intake (dietary plus supplemental vitamin E) was 17.68 ± 14.34 and 19.55 ±15.78 mg α-tocopherol equivalents, respectively. The mean daily α-tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol intakes were 3.07 ± 2.27 mgand 5.98 ± 3.74 mg, respectively. Intakes of total vitamin E and each tocopherol of males were significantly higher than thoseof females (P < 0.05). Plasma α-tocopherol concentration was 15.45 ± 10.16 of males and 15.00 ± 4.54 μmol/L of females, respectively. There were no significant differences in plasma tocopherol concentrations by gender (P ≥ 0.05). Plasma α-tocopherol was negativelycorrelated with γ-tocopherol intake (P < 0.05). Twenty-three percent of the subjects had plasma α-tocopherol concentrations< 12 μmol/L indicating a biochemical deficiency of vitamin E. Approximately 8% and 9% of these participants had plasmaα-tocopherol:total lipid ratio less than 1.59 μmol/mmol and plasma α-tocopherol:total cholesterol ratio less than 2.22 μmol/mmol,respectively, which are also indicative of vitamin E deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin E intakes of Korean adults were generally adequate with the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes forvitamin E. However, α-tocopherol intake was lower than that reported in other countries, and 23% of the subjects in thecurrent study were vitamin E deficient based on plasma α-tocopherol concentrations.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin and functions primarily as a lipid antioxidant. Inadequate vitaminE status may increase risk of several chronic diseases. Thus, the objectives of this study were to estimate intake and plasmaconcentration of each tocopherol and to evaluate vitamin E status of Korean adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Three consecutive 24-h food recalls and fasting blood samples were collected from healthy 20- to 59-y-oldadults (33 males and 73 females) living in the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea. α-, β-, δ-, and γ-tocopherol intakes andplasma concentrations of tocopherols (α-, δ-, and γ- tocopherol) were analyzed by gender. RESULTS: Dietary vitamin E and total vitamin E intake (dietary plus supplemental vitamin E) was 17.68 ± 14.34 and 19.55 ±15.78 mg α-tocopherol equivalents, respectively. The mean daily α-tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol intakes were 3.07 ± 2.27 mgand 5.98 ± 3.74 mg, respectively. Intakes of total vitamin E and each tocopherol of males were significantly higher than thoseof females (P < 0.05). Plasma α-tocopherol concentration was 15.45 ± 10.16 of males and 15.00 ± 4.54 μmol/L of females, respectively. There were no significant differences in plasma tocopherol concentrations by gender (P ≥ 0.05). Plasma α-tocopherol was negativelycorrelated with γ-tocopherol intake (P < 0.05). Twenty-three percent of the subjects had plasma α-tocopherol concentrations< 12 μmol/L indicating a biochemical deficiency of vitamin E. Approximately 8% and 9% of these participants had plasmaα-tocopherol:total lipid ratio less than 1.59 μmol/mmol and plasma α-tocopherol:total cholesterol ratio less than 2.22 μmol/mmol,respectively, which are also indicative of vitamin E deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin E intakes of Korean adults were generally adequate with the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes forvitamin E. However, α-tocopherol intake was lower than that reported in other countries, and 23% of the subjects in thecurrent study were vitamin E deficient based on plasma α-tocopherol concentrations.
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