Motivational Climate and Self-Handicapping in Elite Junior Golf
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The main objective of this study was to investigate whether self-reported handicaps and behavioral self-handicapping were influenced by perceptions of the motivational climate. An additional objective was to investigate whether self-handicapping strategies (self-reported and behavioral handicaps) were influenced by golf performance. We observed 22 (9 female and 13 male) elite junior golfers (mean handicap=4.2 strokes) when they completed the same putting exercise under two conditions: (1) a competition condition and (2) a putting exercise condition to improve putting skills. Behavioral self-handicapping (four specific behavioral cues for golf putting) was analyzed by video footage. Subsequent to completing the assignments under both conditions, participants were given the opportunity to self-report handicaps. Results revealed that self-handicapping was not influenced by perceptions of the motivational climate. However, a negative relationship between putting performance and self-handicapping was found. Furthermore, standard multiple regression analyses revealed that performance was a significant (negative) predictor for self-reported handicaps, as well as one of the four behavioral self-handicapping cues. The findings suggest that reporting handicaps after a poor performance is a self-handicapping strategy to enhance athletes’ private self-esteem and self-image, regardless of their motivational climate perceptions.
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to investigate whether self-reported handicaps and behavioral self-handicapping were influenced by perceptions of the motivational climate. An additional objective was to investigate whether self-handicapping strategies (self-reported and behavioral handicaps) were influenced by golf performance. We observed 22 (9 female and 13 male) elite junior golfers (mean handicap=4.2 strokes) when they completed the same putting exercise under two conditions: (1) a competition condition and (2) a putting exercise condition to improve putting skills. Behavioral self-handicapping (four specific behavioral cues for golf putting) was analyzed by video footage. Subsequent to completing the assignments under both conditions, participants were given the opportunity to self-report handicaps. Results revealed that self-handicapping was not influenced by perceptions of the motivational climate. However, a negative relationship between putting performance and self-handicapping was found. Furthermore, standard multiple regression analyses revealed that performance was a significant (negative) predictor for self-reported handicaps, as well as one of the four behavioral self-handicapping cues. The findings suggest that reporting handicaps after a poor performance is a self-handicapping strategy to enhance athletes’ private self-esteem and self-image, regardless of their motivational climate perceptions.
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