Food sources of zinc and nutritional status with usual dietary zinc intake in Korean toddlers and preschool children
1
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the food sources of zinc and the usual intake of dietary zinc among Korean toddlers and preschool children. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 2,679 children aged 1–5 years was selected from the 2009–2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data. Dietary data collected from a single 24-h recall were used to evaluate the food sources of zinc. To estimate usual zinc intake, the distribution obtained from single 24-h recall data in the total sample was adjusted using the ratio of within-to-between-person variance in zinc intake obtained from 2-day 24-h recall sub-sample data of the 2009 KNHANES. The proportion of children with usual zinc intake below the estimated average requirement (EAR) and above the tolerable upper intake level (UL) was assessed. RESULTS: The main sources of zinc in Korean children were grains, dairy products, and meat. The mean usual intakes of zinc among all individuals, those aged 1–2 yrs, and those aged 3–5 yrs were 5.50, 5.01, and 5.83 mg/d, respectively. In all participants, 1.1% of the children consumed zinc below the EAR, whereas 10.7% exceeded the UL. The proportion of children with excessive zinc intake was 25.6% in the 1–2 yrs age group and 0.6% in the 3–5 yrs age group. CONCLUSIONS: According to the current UL, the risk of excessive zinc intake appears to be high among Korean toddlers. Future studies that monitor the health effects of excessive zinc intake are needed to appropriately guide zinc intake in children.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the food sources of zinc and the usual intake of dietary zinc among Korean toddlers and preschool children. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 2,679 children aged 1–5 years was selected from the 2009–2013 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data. Dietary data collected from a single 24-h recall were used to evaluate the food sources of zinc. To estimate usual zinc intake, the distribution obtained from single 24-h recall data in the total sample was adjusted using the ratio of within-to-between-person variance in zinc intake obtained from 2-day 24-h recall sub-sample data of the 2009 KNHANES. The proportion of children with usual zinc intake below the estimated average requirement (EAR) and above the tolerable upper intake level (UL) was assessed. RESULTS: The main sources of zinc in Korean children were grains, dairy products, and meat. The mean usual intakes of zinc among all individuals, those aged 1–2 yrs, and those aged 3–5 yrs were 5.50, 5.01, and 5.83 mg/d, respectively. In all participants, 1.1% of the children consumed zinc below the EAR, whereas 10.7% exceeded the UL. The proportion of children with excessive zinc intake was 25.6% in the 1–2 yrs age group and 0.6% in the 3–5 yrs age group. CONCLUSIONS: According to the current UL, the risk of excessive zinc intake appears to be high among Korean toddlers. Future studies that monitor the health effects of excessive zinc intake are needed to appropriately guide zinc intake in children.
참고문헌 (32)
- Brandão-Neto J, "The essential role of zinc in growth", Nutr Res, 15, pp.335~358 (1995)
- Salgueiro MJ, "Zinc as an essential micronutrient : a review", Nutr Res, 20, pp.737~755 (2000)
- Roohani N, "Zinc and its importance for human health : An integrative review", J Res Med Sci, 18, pp.144~157 (2013)
- Brown KH, "The importance of zinc in human nutrition and estimation of the global prevalence of zinc deficiency", Food Nutr Bull, 22, pp.113~125 (2001)
- Denney L, "Nutrient intakes and food sources of Filipino infants, toddlers and young children are inadequate : findings from the national nutrition survey 2013", Nutrients, 10, pp.1730~ (2018)
- Nassreddine LM, "Total usual nutrient intakes and nutritional status of United Arab Emirates children(<4 years) : findings from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study(FITS)2021", Curr Dev Nutr, 6, pp.nzac080~ (2022)
- Walton J, "Nutrient intakes and compliance with nutrient recommendations in children aged 1-4 years in Ireland", J Hum Nutr Diet, 30, pp.665~676 (2017)
- Institute of Medicine (US), "Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride" (1997), National Academy Press
- 윤수인, "한국 유아의 아연 섭취 수준 평가를 위한 데이터베이스 구축", 대한지역사회영양학회지, 26(2), pp.103~110 (2021), 대한지역사회영양학회
- Kweon S, "Data resource profile : the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(KNHANES)", Int J Epidemiol, 43, pp.69~77 (2014)
- Rural Development Administration, "Food Composition Table" (2006), Rural Development Administration
- Rural Development Administration, "Food Composition Table" (2011), Rural Development Administration
- National Research Council (US), "Nutrient Adequacy:Assessment Using Food Consumption Surveys" (1986), National Academy Press
- Briefel RR, "Zinc intake of the U.S. population: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994", J Nutr, 130(Suppl), pp.1367S~1373S (2000)[DOI]
- Ministry of Health and Welfare, "Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2020" (2020), Ministry of Health and Welfare
- Arsenault JE, "Zinc intake of US preschool children exceeds new dietary reference intakes", Am J Clin Nutr, 78, pp.1011~1017 (2003)
- Padilha LL, "Nutrient intake variability and the number of days needed to estimate usual intake in children aged 13-32 months", Br J Nutr, 117, pp.287~294 (2017)
- Nel JH, "Illustration of the importance of adjustment for within-and between-person variability in dietary intake surveys for assessment of population risk of micronutrient deficiency", excess using an example data set, 2022, pp.14, 285~
- Huybrechts I, "Variation in energy and nutrient intakes among pre-school children : implications for study design", Eur J Public Health, 18, pp.509~516 (2008)
- Berenson GS, "Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study", N Engl J Med, 338, pp.1650~1656 (1998)
- Cashdan E, "Adaptiveness of food learning and food aversions in children", Soc Sci Inf(Paris), 37, pp.613~632 (1998)
- Kelder SH, "Longitudinal tracking of adolescent smoking, physical activity, and food choice behaviors", Am J Public Health, 84, pp.1121~1126 (1994)
- Lien N, "Stability in consumption of fruit, vegetables, and sugary foods in a cohort from age 14 to age 21", Prev Med, 33, pp.217~226 (2001)
- Lytle LA, "How do children’s eating patterns and food choices change over time?", Results from a cohort study. Am J Health Promot, 14, pp.222~228 (2000)
- Skinner JD, "Children’s food preferences : a longitudinal analysis", J Am Diet Assoc, 102, pp.1638~1647 (2002)
- Geserick M, "Acceleration of BMI in early childhood and risk of sustained obesity", N Engl J Med, 379, pp.1303~1312 (2018)
- Ward ZJ, "Simulation of growth trajectories of childhood obesity into adulthood", N Engl J Med, 377, pp.2145~2153 (2017)
- Kassis A, "Food sources of fiber and micronutrients of concern in infants and children in the United Arab Emirates : findings from the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study(FITS)and the Kids Nutrition and Health Survey(KNHS)2020", Nutrients, 14, pp.2819~ (2022)
- Murakami K, "Adequacy of usual intake of Japanese children aged 3-5 years : a nationwide study", Nutrients, 10, pp.1150~ (2018)
- Eldridge AL, "Trends in mean nutrient intakes of US infants, toddlers, and young children from 3 Feeding Infants and Toddlers Studies(FITS)", J Nutr, 149, pp.1230~1237 (2019)
- Cashdan E, "A sensitive period for learning about food", Hum Nat, 5, pp.279~291 (1994)
- Wuehler S, "Reconsidering the tolerable upper levels of zinc intake among infants and young children : a systematic review of the available evidence", Nutrients, 14, pp.1938~ (2022)