Dynamics of Ethnic Nationalism and Hierarchical Nationhood: Korean Nation and Its Othernesss since the Late 1980s
1
조회
0
다운로드
20
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Due to an influx of migrants, the multicultural character of South Korean society is gradually deepening. This transformation in the composition of the nation challenges the myth of Korea’s social homogeneity. In this article, we examine the emergence of groups of ethnic and social minorities through the dual factors of globalization and the democratization of Koreans’ conception of nationalism and nationhood. From the late 1980s, new social minorities have emerged in Korean society through democratization and globalization. Globalization brought about an influx of Joseonjok (ethnic Koreans from China), North Korean refugees, foreign spouses, and migrant workers, while democratization has led to the appearance of hwagyo (ethnic Chinese in Korea), gays and lesbians, persons with disabilities, and honhyeorin (mixed-blood people) as social minority groups. These minorities have become members of the Korean nation-state, establishing themselves as new constituents constructing Korean nationhood. We conclude that the dichotomy of inclusion and exclusion of these minorities in Korean society has transformed into a type of hierarchization. We employ the concept of hierarchical nationhood to describe the legal/policy and social dimensions of this hierarchization.
Abstract
Due to an influx of migrants, the multicultural character of South Korean society is gradually deepening. This transformation in the composition of the nation challenges the myth of Korea’s social homogeneity. In this article, we examine the emergence of groups of ethnic and social minorities through the dual factors of globalization and the democratization of Koreans’ conception of nationalism and nationhood. From the late 1980s, new social minorities have emerged in Korean society through democratization and globalization. Globalization brought about an influx of Joseonjok (ethnic Koreans from China), North Korean refugees, foreign spouses, and migrant workers, while democratization has led to the appearance of hwagyo (ethnic Chinese in Korea), gays and lesbians, persons with disabilities, and honhyeorin (mixed-blood people) as social minority groups. These minorities have become members of the Korean nation-state, establishing themselves as new constituents constructing Korean nationhood. We conclude that the dichotomy of inclusion and exclusion of these minorities in Korean society has transformed into a type of hierarchization. We employ the concept of hierarchical nationhood to describe the legal/policy and social dimensions of this hierarchization.
참고문헌 (80)
- Anderson, Benedict R., "Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism" (1991), Verso
- Appadurai, Arjun, "Fear of Small Numbers: An Essay on the Geography of Anger" (2006), Duke University Press
- Balibar, Etienne, "The Nation Form: History and Ideology", Review: A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center, 13(3), pp.329~361 (1990)
- Bauman, Zygmunt, "Modernity and Ambivalence" (1991), Cornell Uni-versity Press
- Benhabib, Seyla, "The Rights of Others: Aliens, Residents, and Citizens" (2004), Cambridge University Press
- Bogardus, Emory S., "Measuring Social Distances", Journal of Applied Sociology, 9(2), pp.299~308 (1925)
- Brubaker, Rogers, "Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany" (1992), Harvard University Press
- Castells, Manuel, "The Power of Identity. Vol. 2 of The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture" (1997), Blackwell
- Chung, Kiseon, "Korean National Identity and Migration-Related Attitudes" (2011), IOM Migration Research and Training Center
- Dikotter, Frank, "The Discourse of Race in Modern China" (1992), Stanford University Press
- Doak, Kevin M., "Ethnic Nationalism and Romanticism in Early Twentieth Century Japan", Journal of Japanese Studies, 22(1), pp.77~95 (1996)
- Drezner, Daniel W., "Globalization and Policy Convergence", International Studies Review, 3(1), pp.53~78 (2001)
- Gladney, Dru C, "Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects" (2004), University of Chicago Press
- Gleason, Philip, "Minorities (Almost) All: The Minority Concept in American Social Thought", American Quarterly, 43(3), pp.392~424 (1991)
- "The Observer Human Rights Index" (1999)[URL]
- Held, David, "Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture" (1999), Stanford University Press
- Herzfeld, Michael, "Cultural Intimacy: Social Poetics in the Nation-State" (1996), Routledge
- Hobsbawm, Eric J, "Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality" (1992), Cambridge University Press
- Howard, Marc Morjé, "Comparative Citizenship: An Agenda for Cross-National Research", Perspectives on Politics, 4(3), pp.443~455 (2006)
- Huddleston, Thomas, "Migrant Integration Policy Index III" (2011), British Council and Migration Policy Group
- Jang, Su-hyeon, "Social Minorities in Korea: Reality and Prospects", pp.261~279 (2004), Hanul Academy
- Kearney, Michael, "The Local and the Global: The Anthropology of Globalization and Transnationalism", Annual Review of Anthropology, 24, pp.547~565 (1995)
- Kim, Byeong-jo, "Multicultural Situation and Social Integration in Korea" (2011), Academy of Korean Studies Press
- 김정열, "장애인의 현실과 장애인 운동", 경제와 사회, 67(67), pp.39~67 (2005), 비판사회학회
- Kim, Samuel S, "Korea’s Democratization" (2003), Cambridge University Press
- Kim, Sang-uk, "Korean General Social Survey 2007" (2008), Sungkyunkwan University Press
- Koo, Hagen, "State and Society in Contemporary Korea", pp.131~162 (1993), Cornell University Press
- Koopmans, Ruud, "Challenging the Liberal Nation-State? Postnationalism, Multiculturalism, and the Collective Claims Making of Migrants and Ethnic Minorities in Britain and Germany", American Journal of Sociology, 105(3), pp.652~696 (1999)
- Korea Immigration Service, "Korea Immigration Service Statistics 2011", KIS, ~ (2012)
- Koshy, Susan, "Sexual Naturalization: Asian Americans and Miscegenation" (2004), Stanford University Press
- Kwon, Hyeok-beom, "Withdrawal from National Citizens: The Nation-State, Progress, and Individuals" (2004), Samin
- Kwon, Insook, "A Feminist Exploration of Military Conscription: The Gendering of the Connections between Nationalism, Militarism and Citizenship in South Korea", International Feminist Journal of Politics, 3(1), pp.26~54 (2000)
- Kymlicka, Will, "Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights" (1995), Oxford University Press
- Kymlicka, Will, "Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction" (2002), Oxford University Press
- Kymlicka, Will, "Multicultural Odysseys: Navigating the New International Politics of Diversity" (2007), Oxford University Press
- Lee, Chulwoo, "Multiculturalism, Nationalism, and the Legalization of Belongings", Orbis Sapientiae, 8, pp.71~95 (2010)
- Lee, Namhee, "The Making of Minjung: Democracy and the Politics of Representation in South Korea" (2007), Cornell University Press
- Lie, John, "Multiethnic Japan" (2001), Harvard University Press
- Lim, Ji-hyeon, "Nationalism is Treasonous: Overcoming a Nationalism of Myth and Decadence" (1999), Sonamu
- Lyons, Gene M, "Beyond Westphalia? State Sovereignty and International Intervention" (1995), Johns Hopkins University Press
- Mann, Michael, "The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Murderous Ethnic Cleansing" (2004), Cambridge University Press
- Miller, David, "Citizenship and National Identity" (2000), Polity Press
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Republic of Korea, "Overseas Koreans Statistics 2011", MOFAT, ~ (2012)
- Moon, Seungsook, "Militarized Modernity and Gendered Citizenship in South Korea" (2005), Duke University Press
- Pak, Gyeong-tae, "Human Rights of Ethnic Chinese in Korea" (2003), National Human Rights Commission of Korea
- Pak, Noja, "Your Republic of Korea: A Portrait of Korean Society from the Perspective of the Naturalized Citizen and Former Russian Pak Noja" (2002), Hankyoreh Shinmun
- Park, Eunsun, "National Identity and Acceptance of Foreign Immigrants as Citizen among Koreans", Paper presented at the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP) XXVII International Population Conference (2013), BEXCO
- Park, Hyun Ok, "Segyehwa: Globalization and Nationalism in Korea", Journal of the International Institute, 4(1)
- 박경숙, "탈북이주자 생애사에 투영된 집단적 상흔과 거시 권력구조: 지속된 한인 디아스포라, 가부장제, 위계적 시민권", 경제와 사회, 95(95), pp.288~332 (2012), 비판사회학회
- Porta, Donatella Della, "Globalizations and Democracy", Democratization, 12(5), pp.668~685 (2005)
- "Multiculturalism Policy Index. Multiculturalism Poli-cies in Contemporary Democracies" (2011)[URL]
- Rudolph, Christopher, "Security and the Political Economy of International Migration", American Political Science Review, 97(4), pp.603~620 (2003)
- Rudra, Rita, "Globalization and the Strengthening of Democracy in the Developing World", American Journal of Political Science, 49(4), pp.704~730 (2005)
- Sassen, Saskia, "Guests and Aliens" (1999), New Press
- Sassen, Saskia, "Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages" (2006), Princeton University Press
- Schein, Louisa, "Minority Rules" (2000), Duke University Press
- Schmid, Andre, "Korea between Empires, 1895-1919" (1919), Columbia University Press
- 서동진, "인권, 시민권, 그리고 섹슈얼리티한국의 성적 소수자 운동과 정치학", 경제와 사회, (67), pp.66~87 (2005), 비판사회학회
- 설동훈, "Which Multiculturalism? Discourse of the Incorporation of Immigrants into Korean Society", Korea Observer, 41(4), pp.593~614 (2010), 한국학술연구원
- 설동훈, "중소기업관리자의 외국인에 대한 사회적 거리 분석", 지역사회학(Korean Regional Sociology), 14(2), pp.203~229 (2013), 지역사회학회
- Seol, Dong-Hoon, "Foreign Migrant Workers and Social Discrimination in Korea", Harvard Asia Quarterly, 8(1), pp.45~50 (2004)
- Seol, Dong-Hoon, "Ethnic Return Migration and Hierarchical Nationhood: Korean Chinese Foreign Workers in South Korea", Ethnicities, 9(2), pp.147~174 (2009)
- Seol, Dong-Hoon, "A Preliminary Research for the National Action Plan for the Protection and Promotion of Foreigners’ Human Rights in Korea" (2004), National Human Rights Commission of Korea
- Shin, Doh Chull, "Korea in the Global Wave of Democratization" (1994), Seoul National University Press
- Shin, Gi-Wook, "Ethnic Nationalism in Korea: Genealogy, Politics, and Legacy" (2006), Stanford University Press
- Sklair, Leslie, "Sociology of the Global System" (1995), Johns Hopkins University Press
- Annual Report on the Vital Statistics 2012, "Statistics Korea", Statistics Korea, ~ (2013)
- Triandafyllidou, Anna, "The Hierarchy of Greekness: Ethnic and National Identity Considerations in Greek Immigration Policy", Ethnicities, 2(2), pp.189~208 (2002)
- United Nations, "Replacement Migration: Is It a Solution to Declining and Ageing Populations?" (2000), United Nations
- Human Development Report 2010: The Real Wealth of Nations—Pathways to Human Development, "United Nations Development Programme", UNDP, ~ (2010)
- Weber, Max, "Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology" (1922), Bedminster Press
- Weiner, Michael, "Japan’s Minorities: The Illusion of Homogeneity" (1997), Routledge
- Woo-Cumings, Meredith, "The Developmental State" (1999), Cornell University Press
- Yamanaka, Keiko, "Feminized Migration, Community Activism and Grassroots Transnationalization in Japan", Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 12(1-2), pp.155~187 (2003)
- 양은경, "민족의 역이주와 위계적 민족성의 담론 구성 『조선일보』의 조선족 담론 분석", 한국방송학보, 24(5), pp.194~237 (2010), 한국방송학회
- 윤인진, "Multicultural Minority Groups and Multicultural Coexistence in Korean Society", Korea Observer, 41(4), pp.517~557 (2010), 한국학술연구원
- Yu, Gil-sang, "A Study of Korea’s Immigration Policy" (2005), Presidential Committee on Ageing and Future Society
- Yun, Sam-ho, "The Social Movement of the Handicapped in Korea: Yesterday and Today", Progress Review, 51, pp.296~319 (2012)
- Yun, Su-jong, "Social Movements of Minorities in Contemporary Korea" (2005), Ihaksa
- Young, Iris Marion, "Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship", Ethics, 99(2), pp.250~274 (1989)