한국의 전통조경 미의식에 관하여

Abstract

This study intends to find a part of aesthetic consciousness in landscaping which Korean desired to feel and express through gardens and groves in Joseon Dynasty. To do this, on the premise that thought and philosophy of Confucianism, Neo-Confucianism and Taoism which formed moral culture of Joseon directly affected the aesthetic consciousness in landscaping, developments on these factors are investigated. In conclusion, aspects of Joseon’s aesthetic consciousness in landscaping can be described as follows. First, it has been defined that aesthetic consciousness in Korean landscaping is ‘naturalistic type with Taoism’ by limiting aesthetic objects to a part of groves so far. However, the aesthetic objects should be comprehended with extended objects including gardens, groves and exterior space as well. Seen in this light, it would be more appropriate to classify into ‘normativity based on the Confucian proprieties,’ ‘neo-Confucian natural beauty’ and ‘naturalistic aesthetic consciousness of Taoism.’Second, the Confucian sense of order based on ‘the proprieties’ among other Confucian concepts which were applied as the ruling principle of Joseon was important aesthetic consciousness affecting not only ‘architecture for ancestral ritual formalities’ but location and placement of landscape space and space composition. This aesthetic consciousness based on Confucian proprieties is expressed as ‘hierarchy,’ ‘orderness,’ ‘regulation’ and ‘clan rules’ and these concepts can be implied as ‘normativity’ based on formal beauty of Confucianism. Third, the ‘nature’ was an ‘object’ for moral enlightenment with which Joseon’s neo-Confucian scholars looked in the nature and human beings reasonably based on a theory of the unity of nature and man and practiced the most common moral requirements originated from it patiently. In addition, impressions like ‘clarity,’ ‘plainness’ and ‘beauty in flatness’ from ‘landscape of Mother Nature’ which were sought to feel and express in the natural landscape were revealed as ‘neo-Confucian natural beauty’ in gardens and groves. Fourth, the underlying aesthetic consciousness on landscaping in Korean gardens and groves is in the same vein with naturalistic aesthetic consciousness of Taoism which has been discussed in other artistic and formative artistic fields. The aesthetic consciousness in landscaping is particularly presented with aspects of ‘simplicity,’ ‘artless art and good nature,’ ‘naturalness,’ ‘artlessness’ and ‘planlessness’ through groves in cottages developed in the process on political history of the times such as massacre of scholars and party strife, which can be defined as naturalistic aesthetic consciousness of Taoism.