본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

Silent New Brain Lesions: Innocent Bystander or Guilty Party?

2

조회

0

다운로드

4

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

주제분류신경과학

초록

With the advances in magnetic resonance imaging, previously unrecognized small brain lesions, which are mostly asymptomatic, have been increasingly detected. Diffusion-weighted imaging can identify small ischemic strokes, while gradient echo T2* imaging and susceptibility-weighted imaging can reveal tiny hemorrhagic strokes (microbleeds). In this article, we review silent brain lesions appearing soon after acute stroke events, including silent new ischemic lesions and microbleeds appearing 1) after acute ischemic stroke and 2) after acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Moreover, we briefly discuss the clinical implications of these silent new brain lesions.

Abstract

With the advances in magnetic resonance imaging, previously unrecognized small brain lesions, which are mostly asymptomatic, have been increasingly detected. Diffusion-weighted imaging can identify small ischemic strokes, while gradient echo T2* imaging and susceptibility-weighted imaging can reveal tiny hemorrhagic strokes (microbleeds). In this article, we review silent brain lesions appearing soon after acute stroke events, including silent new ischemic lesions and microbleeds appearing 1) after acute ischemic stroke and 2) after acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Moreover, we briefly discuss the clinical implications of these silent new brain lesions.

참고문헌 (117)

  1. Derdeyn CP, "Diffusion-weighted imaging as a surrogate marker for stroke as a complication of cerebrovascular procedures and devices", AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 22, pp.1234~1235 (2001)
  2. Sacco RL, "Determinants of early recurrence of cerebral infarction. The Stroke Data Bank", Stroke, 20, pp.983~989 (1989)
  3. Sacco RL, "Predictors of mortality and recurrence after hospitalized cerebral infarction in an urban community : the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study", Neurology, 44, pp.626~634 (1994)
  4. Warach S, "Acute human stroke studied by whole brain echo planar diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging", Ann Neurol, 37, pp.231~241 (1995)
  5. Roh JK, "Significance of acute multiple brain infarction on diffusion-weighted imaging", Stroke, 31, pp.688~694 (2000)
  6. Kang DW, "Early ischemic lesion recurrence within a week after acute ischemic stroke", Ann Neurol, 54, pp.66~74 (2003)
  7. Kang DW, "Early and late recurrence of ischemic lesion on MRI: evidence for a prolonged stroke-prone state?", Neurology, 63, pp.2261~2265 (2004)
  8. Kang DW, "Silent ischemic lesion recurrence on magnetic resonance imaging predicts subsequent clinical vascular events", Arch Neurol, 63, pp.1730~1733 (2006)
  9. Nolte CH, "Silent new DWI lesions within the first week after stroke", Cerebrovasc Dis, 33, pp.248~254 (2012)
  10. Kang DW, "Inflammatory and hemostatic biomarkers associated with early recurrent ischemic lesions in acute ischemic stroke", Stroke, 40, pp.1653~1658 (2009)
  11. Jeon SB, "Biochemical aspirin resistance and recurrent lesions in patients with acute ischemic stroke", Eur Neurol, 64, pp.51~57 (2010)
  12. Bang OY, "Differential pathophysiological mechanisms of stroke evolution between new lesions and lesion growth : perfusion-weighted imaging study", Cerebrovasc Dis, 29, pp.328~335 (2010)
  13. Kang DW, "Early recurrent ischemic lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging in symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis", Arch Neurol, 64, pp.50~54 (2007)
  14. Jeong TD, "CYP2C19 genotype and early ischemic lesion recurrence in stroke patients treated with clopidogrel", J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 24, pp.440~446 (2015)
  15. Petty GW, "Survival and recurrence after first cerebral infarction: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota, 1975 through 1989", Neurology, 50, pp.208~216 (1998)
  16. Berge E, "Low molecular-weight heparin versus aspirin in patients with acute ischaemic stroke and atrial fibrillation: a double-blind randomised study. HAEST Study Group. Heparin in Acute Embolic Stroke Trial", Lancet, 355, pp.1205~1210 (2000)
  17. The Publications Committee for the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) Investigators, "Low molecular weight heparinoid, ORG 10172 (danaparoid), and outcome after acute ischemic stroke: a randomized controlled trial", JAMA, 279, pp.1265~1272 (1998)
  18. International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group, "The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke", Lancet, 349, pp.1569~1581 (1997)
  19. Sylaja PN, "Acute ischemic lesions of varying ages predict risk of ischemic events in stroke", TIA patients, 2007, pp.68, 415~419
  20. Iguchi Y, "Microembolic signals at 48 hours after stroke onset contribute to new ischaemia within a week", J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 79, pp.253~259 (2008)
  21. Arenillas JF, "Progression and clinical recurrence of symptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis : a long-term follow-up transcranial Doppler ultrasound study", Stroke, 32, pp.2898~2904 (2001)
  22. AbuRahma AF, "Carotid plaque ultrasonic heterogeneity and severity of stenosis", Stroke, 33, pp.1772~1775 (2002)
  23. Chimowitz MI, "Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis", N Engl J Med, 352, pp.1305~1316 (2005)
  24. Barber M, "Hemostatic function and progressing ischemic stroke : D-dimer predicts early clinical progression", Stroke, 35, pp.1421~1425 (2004)
  25. Robson SC, "Fibrin degradation product D-dimer induces the synthesis and release of biologically active IL-1 beta, IL-6 and plasminogen activator inhibitors from monocytes in vitro", Br J Haematol, 86, pp.322~326 (1994)
  26. Hankey GJ, "Long-term risk of first recurrent stroke in the Perth Community Stroke Study", Stroke, 29, pp.2491~2500 (1998)
  27. Whisnant JP, "Transient cerebral ischemic attacks in a community. Rochester, Minnesota, 1955 through 1969", Mayo Clin Proc, 48, pp.194~198 (1973)
  28. Friedman GD, "Transient ischemic attacks in a community", JAMA, 210, pp.1428~1434 (1969)
  29. Coutts SB, "Silent ischemia in minor stroke and TIA patients identified on MR imaging", Neurology, 65, pp.513~517 (2005)
  30. Asdaghi N, "Acute perfusion and diffusion abnormalities predict early new MRI lesions 1 week after minor stroke and transient ischemic attack", Stroke, 42, pp.2191~2195 (2011)
  31. Nah HW, "Diagnostic and prognostic value of multimodal MRI in transient ischemic attack", Int J Stroke, 9, pp.895~901 (2014)
  32. Guzzini F, "Simultaneous ischemic and hemorrhagic lesions of the brain detected by CT scan in a patient with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura", Haematologica, 83, pp.280~ (1998)
  33. Kim CH, "Development of cerebral infarction shortly after intracerebral hemorrhage", Eur Neurol, 57, pp.145~149 (2007)
  34. Toyoda K, "Simultaneous onset of haemorrhagic and ischaemic strokes in a haemodialysis patient", J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 72, pp.673~674 (2002)
  35. Ariesen MJ, "Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in the general population : a systematic review", Stroke, 34, pp.2060~2065 (2003)
  36. Allen CL, "Risk factors for ischaemic stroke", Int J Stroke, 3, pp.105~116 (2008)
  37. Prabhakaran S, "Acute brain infarcts after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage : a diffusion-weighted imaging study", Stroke, 41, pp.89~94 (2010)
  38. Gregoire SM, "Acute ischaemic brain lesions in intracerebral haemorrhage : multicentre cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging study", Brain, 134, pp.2376~2386 (2011)
  39. Menon RS, "Predictors of highly prevalent brain ischemia in intracerebral hemorrhage", Ann Neurol, 71, pp.199~205 (2012)
  40. Garg RK, "Blood pressure reduction, decreased diffusion on MRI, and outcomes after intracerebral hemorrhage", Stroke, 43, pp.67~71 (2012)
  41. Kang DW, "New ischemic lesions coexisting with acute intracerebral hemorrhage", Neurology, 79, pp.848~855 (2012)
  42. Tsai YH, "Fate of diffusion restricted lesions in acute intracerebral hemorrhage", PLoS One, 9, pp.e105970~ (2014)
  43. Gioia LC, "Ischemia in intracerebral hemorrhage is associated with leukoaraiosis and hematoma volume, not blood pressure reduction", Stroke, 46, pp.1541~1547 (2015)
  44. Roob G, "Magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral microbleeds", Curr Opin Neurol, 13, pp.69~73 (2000)
  45. Inzitari D, "Leukoaraiosis: an independent risk factor for stroke?", Stroke, 34, pp.2067~2071 (2003)
  46. Lee SH, "Comparative analysis of the spatial distribution and severity of cerebral microbleeds and old lacunes", J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 75, pp.423~427 (2004)
  47. Staals J, "Stroke subtype, vascular risk factors, and total MRI brain small-vessel disease burden", Neurology, 83, pp.1228~1234 (2014)
  48. Paulson OB, "Cerebral circulation under normal and pathologic conditions", Am J Cardiol, 63, pp.2c~5c (1989)
  49. Powers WJ, "Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow surrounding acute(6 to 22 hours)intracerebral hemorrhage", Neurology, 57, pp.18~24 (2001)
  50. Zazulia AR, "Hypoperfusion without ischemia surrounding acute intracerebral hemorrhage", J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 21, pp.804~810 (2001)
  51. Mayer SA, "Perilesional blood flow and edema formation in acute intracerebral hemorrhage : a SPECT study", Stroke, 29, pp.1791~1798 (1998)
  52. Kidwell CS, "Diffusion-perfusion MR evaluation of perihematomal injury in hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage", Neurology, 57, pp.1611~1617 (2001)
  53. Herweh C, "Evidence against a perihemorrhagic penumbra provided by perfusion computed tomography", Stroke, 38, pp.2941~2947 (2007)
  54. Hofman A, "Epidemiology of neurological diseases in elderly people: what did we learn from the Rotterdam Study?", Lancet Neurol, 5, pp.545~550 (2006)
  55. Longstreth WT Jr, "Incidence, manifestations, and predictors of brain infarcts defined by serial cranial magnetic resonance imaging in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study", Stroke, 33, pp.2376~2382 (2002)
  56. van der Flier WM, "Small vessel disease and general cognitive function in nondisabled elderly : the LADIS study", Stroke, 36, pp.2116~2120 (2005)
  57. Mosley TH Jr, "Cerebral MRI findings and cognitive functioning : the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study", Neurology, 64, pp.2056~2062 (2005)
  58. Soderlund H, "Cerebral changes on MRI and cognitive function : the CASCADE study", Neurobiol Aging, 27, pp.16~23 (2006)
  59. Atwood LD, "Genetic variation in white matter hyperintensity volume in the Framingham Study", Stroke, 35, pp.1609~1613 (2004)
  60. Price TR, "Silent brain infarction on magnetic resonance imaging and neurological abnormalities in community-dwelling older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study. CHS Collaborative Research Group", Stroke, 28, pp.1158~1164 (1997)
  61. Schmidt R, "White matter lesion progression, brain atrophy, and cognitive decline: the Austrian stroke prevention study", Ann Neurol, 58, pp.610~616 (2005)
  62. Vermeer SE, "Silent brain infarcts : a systematic review", Lancet Neurol, 6, pp.611~619 (2007)
  63. Neuropathology Group of the Medical Research Council Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS), "Pathological correlates of late-onset dementia in a multicentre, community-based population in England and Wales", Lancet, 357, pp.169~175 (2001)
  64. Manschot SM, "Brain magnetic resonance imaging correlates of impaired cognition in patients with type 2 diabetes", Diabetes, 55, pp.1106~1113 (2006)
  65. Vermeer SE, "Silent brain infarcts and the risk of dementia and cognitive decline", N Engl J Med, 348, pp.1215~1222 (2003)
  66. Gouw AA, "Progression of white matter hyperintensities and incidence of new lacunes over a 3-year period : the Leukoaraiosis and Disability study", Stroke, 39, pp.1414~1420 (2008)
  67. Norrving B, "Long-term prognosis after lacunar infarction", Lancet Neurol, 2, pp.238~245 (2003)
  68. Sun X, "Silent brain injury after cardiac surgery : a review : cognitive dysfunction and magnetic resonance imaging diffusion-weighted imaging findings", J Am Coll Cardiol, 60, pp.791~797 (2012)
  69. Bendszus M, "Silent cerebral ischaemia : hidden fingerprints of invasive medical procedures", Lancet Neurol, 5, pp.364~372 (2006)
  70. Ishii N, "Why do frontal lobe symptoms predominate in vascular dementia with lacunes?", Neurology, 36, pp.340~345 (1986)
  71. Wolfe N, "Frontal systems impairment following multiple lacunar infarcts", Arch Neurol, 47, pp.129~132 (1990)
  72. Reed BR, "Effects of white matter lesions and lacunes on cortical function", Arch Neurol, 61, pp.1545~1550 (2004)
  73. Vermeer SE, "Incidence and risk factors of silent brain infarcts in the population-based Rotterdam Scan Study", Stroke, 34, pp.392~396 (2003)
  74. Mungas D, "Longitudinal volumetric MRI change and rate of cognitive decline", Neurology, 65, pp.565~571 (2005)
  75. Vermeer SE, "Prevalence and risk factors of silent brain infarcts in the population-based Rotterdam Scan Study", Stroke, 33, pp.21~25 (2002)
  76. De Groot JC, "Periventricular cerebral white matter lesions predict rate of cognitive decline", Ann Neurol, 52, pp.335~341 (2002)
  77. Wentzel C, "Progression of impairment in patients with vascular cognitive impairment without dementia", Neurology, 57, pp.714~716 (2001)
  78. Norton S, "Potential for primary prevention of Alzheimer’s disease : an analysis of population-based data", Lancet Neurol, 13, pp.788~794 (2014)
  79. Chan S, "Multifocal hypointense cerebral lesions on gradient-echo MR are associated with chronic hypertension", AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 17, pp.1821~1827 (1996)
  80. Offenbacher H, "MR of cerebral abnormalities concomitant with primary intracerebral hematomas", AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 17, pp.573~578 (1996)
  81. Greenberg SM, "Petechial hemorrhages accompanying lobar hemorrhage : detection by gradient-echo MRI", Neurology, 46, pp.1751~1754 (1996)
  82. Beom Joon Kim, "Cerebral Microbleeds: Their Associated Factors, Radiologic Findings, and Clinical Implications", 대한뇌졸중학회지, 15(3), pp.153~163 (2013), 대한뇌졸중학회[DOI]
  83. Kinoshita T, "Assessment of lacunar hemorrhage associated with hypertensive stroke by echo-planar gradient-echo T2*-weighted MRI", Stroke, 31, pp.1646~1650 (2000)
  84. Tsushima Y, "Brain microhemorrhages detected on T2*-weighted gradient-echo MR images", AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 24, pp.88~96 (2003)
  85. Cordonnier C, "Spontaneous brain microbleeds: systematic review, subgroup analyses and standards for study design and reporting", Brain, 130, pp.1988~2003 (2007)
  86. Werring DJ, "Cerebral microbleeds are common in ischemic stroke but rare in TIA", Neurology, 65, pp.1914~1918 (2005)
  87. Jeon SB, "Rapid appearance of new cerebral microbleeds after acute ischemic stroke", Neurology, 73, pp.1638~1644 (2009)
  88. Lee SH, "Dynamic temporal change of cerebral microbleeds: long-term follow-up MRI study", PLoS One, 6, pp.e25930~ (2011)
  89. Gregoire SM, "MRI detection of new microbleeds in patients with ischemic stroke : five-year cohort follow-up study", Stroke, 41, pp.184~186 (2010)
  90. Jeon SB, "Initial microbleeds at MR imaging can predict recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage", J Neurol, 254, pp.508~512 (2007)
  91. Greenberg SM, "Hemorrhage burden predicts recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage after lobar hemorrhage", Stroke, 35, pp.1415~1420 (2004)
  92. Soo YO, "Risk vs benefit of anti-thrombotic therapy in ischaemic stroke patients with cerebral microbleeds", J Neurol, 255, pp.1679~1686 (2008)
  93. Tanaka A, "Small chronic hemorrhages and ischemic lesions in association with spontaneous intracerebral hematomas", Stroke, 30, pp.1637~1642 (1999)
  94. Lee SH, "Low concentration of serum total cholesterol is associated with multifocal signal loss lesions on gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging : analysis of risk factors for multifocal signal loss lesions", Stroke, 33, pp.2845~2849 (2002)
  95. Vernooij MW, "Prevalence and risk factors of cerebral microbleeds : the Rotterdam Scan Study", Neurology, 70, pp.1208~1214 (2008)
  96. Reed DM, "The paradox of high risk of stroke in populations with low risk of coronary heart disease", Am J Epidemiol, 131, pp.579~588 (1990)
  97. Dietrich WD, "The importance of brain temperature in alterations of the blood-brain barrier following cerebral ischemia", J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 49, pp.486~497 (1990)
  98. Hjort N, "Magnetic resonance imaging criteria for thrombolysis in acute cerebral infarct", Stroke, 36, pp.388~397 (2005)
  99. Lee SH, "Cerebral microbleeds are regionally associated with intracerebral hemorrhage", Neurology, 62, pp.72~76 (2004)
  100. Jeong SW, "Clinical and radiologic differences between primary intracerebral hemorrhage with and without microbleeds on gradient-echo magnetic resonance images", Arch Neurol, 61, pp.905~909 (2004)
  101. Imaizumi T, "The number of microbleeds on gradient T2*-weighted magnetic resonance image at the onset of intracerebral hemorrhage", J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 17, pp.30~34 (2008)
  102. Greenberg SM, "MRI detection of new hemorrhages : potential marker of progression in cerebral amyloid angiopathy", Neurology, 53, pp.1135~1138 (1999)
  103. Charidimou A, "Cerebral microbleeds and recurrent stroke risk : systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack cohorts", Stroke, 44, pp.995~1001 (2013)
  104. Lee SH, "Effects of microbleeds on hemorrhage development in leukoaraiosis patients", Hypertens Res, 28, pp.895~899 (2005)
  105. Lee SH, "Silent microbleeds are associated with volume of primary intracerebral hemorrhage", Neurology, 66, pp.430~432 (2006)
  106. Imaizumi T, "Hematoma size in deep intracerebral hemorrhage and its correlation with dot-like hemosiderin spots on gradient echo T2*-weighted MRI", J Neuroimaging, 16, pp.236~242 (2006)
  107. 김범준, "Silent Microbleeds and Hemorrhagic Conversion of an Embolic Infarction", Journal of Clinical Neurology, 3(3), pp.147~149 (2007), 대한신경과학회
  108. Kidwell CS, "Magnetic resonance imaging detection of microbleeds before thrombolysis : an emerging application", Stroke, 33, pp.95~98 (2002)
  109. Nighoghossian N, "Old microbleeds are a potential risk factor for cerebral bleeding after ischemic stroke : a gradient-echo T2*-weighted brain MRI study", Stroke, 33, pp.735~742 (2002)
  110. Kim HS, "Multiple cerebral microbleeds in hyperacute ischemic stroke : impact on prevalence and severity of early hemorrhagic transformation after thrombolytic treatment", AJR Am J Roentgenol, 186, pp.1443~1449 (2006)
  111. Kakuda W, "Clinical importance of microbleeds in patients receiving IV thrombolysis", Neurology, 65, pp.1175~1178 (2005)
  112. Lee SH, "Does microbleed predict haemorrhagic transformation after acute atherothrombotic or cardioembolic stroke?", J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 79, pp.913~916 (2008)
  113. Fiehler J, "Bleeding risk analysis in stroke imaging before thromboLysis(BRASIL) : pooled analysis of T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data from 570 patients", Stroke, 38, pp.2738~2744 (2007)
  114. Shoamanesh A, "Postthrombolysis intracranial hemorrhage risk of cerebral microbleeds in acute stroke patients : a systematic review and meta-analysis", Int J Stroke, 8, pp.348~356 (2013)
  115. Boulanger JM, "Cerebral microhemorrhages predict new disabling or fatal strokes in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack", Stroke, 37, pp.911~914 (2006)
  116. Werring DJ, "Cognitive dysfunction in patients with cerebral microbleeds on T2*-weighted gradient-echo MRI", Brain, 127, pp.2265~2275 (2004)
  117. Gregoire SM, "Cerebral microbleeds and long-term cognitive outcome : longitudinal cohort study of stroke clinic patients", Cerebrovasc Dis, 33, pp.430~435 (2012)

관련 논문AI추천

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (15건)