Hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Shows That Agmatine Increased Lactate Production in the Brain of Type 2 Diabetic Mice
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Purpose: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with a 2-fold increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. In earlier research, agmatine has been demonstrated to alleviate diabetes symptoms and increase cognitive performance. However, it is un clear whether the improvement of cognitive function is attributable to the reduction of diabetic symptoms or its direct influence on brain metabolism. Using hyperpolarized (HP) [1-13C]pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), this study intends to evalu ate the influence of agmatine on brain metabolism. Materials and Methods: ICR mice were fed a high-fat diet and injected with streptozotocin to develop a T2DM animal model. Dur ing a 2-week period, T2DM mice were treated with normal saline or 100 mg/kg of agmatine, and brain HP [1-13C]pyruvate MRS was performed. The effect of agmatine on lactate generation and NADH/NAD+ redox state was investigated using C6 and neuro-2a (N2a) cells. Results: As a perfusion marker, the total 13C signals in the brain of T2DM mice (p=0.07) and agmatine-treated mice (p<0.05) were reduced. The conversion constant (Kpl) from [1-13C]pyruvate to [1-13C]lactate was not distinguishable in the brains of T2DM mice but was significantly increased in the brains of agmatine-treated T2DM mice. Treating C6 and N2a cells with agmatine increased NADH/NAD+ ratio and lactate generation. Conclusion: Agmatine influences the NADH/NAD+ redox state in the brains of T2DM mice, which may be connected with en hanced cognitive performance and increased conversion of HP [1-13C]pyruvate to HP [1-13C]lactate.
Abstract
Purpose: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with a 2-fold increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. In earlier research, agmatine has been demonstrated to alleviate diabetes symptoms and increase cognitive performance. However, it is un clear whether the improvement of cognitive function is attributable to the reduction of diabetic symptoms or its direct influence on brain metabolism. Using hyperpolarized (HP) [1-13C]pyruvate magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), this study intends to evalu ate the influence of agmatine on brain metabolism. Materials and Methods: ICR mice were fed a high-fat diet and injected with streptozotocin to develop a T2DM animal model. Dur ing a 2-week period, T2DM mice were treated with normal saline or 100 mg/kg of agmatine, and brain HP [1-13C]pyruvate MRS was performed. The effect of agmatine on lactate generation and NADH/NAD+ redox state was investigated using C6 and neuro-2a (N2a) cells. Results: As a perfusion marker, the total 13C signals in the brain of T2DM mice (p=0.07) and agmatine-treated mice (p<0.05) were reduced. The conversion constant (Kpl) from [1-13C]pyruvate to [1-13C]lactate was not distinguishable in the brains of T2DM mice but was significantly increased in the brains of agmatine-treated T2DM mice. Treating C6 and N2a cells with agmatine increased NADH/NAD+ ratio and lactate generation. Conclusion: Agmatine influences the NADH/NAD+ redox state in the brains of T2DM mice, which may be connected with en hanced cognitive performance and increased conversion of HP [1-13C]pyruvate to HP [1-13C]lactate.
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