Capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry: a review of principles, interface, and recent applications
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Capillary electrophoresis–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS) is a highly effective technique for elemental and chemical speciation analysis. However, coupling CE with ICP-MS presents significant challenges due to maintaining electrical contact at the CE outlet while ensuring efficient transfer of the electrophoretically separated analytes into the mass spectrometer. This interface design is particularly complex, as it must support the formation of an electric field intrinsic to CE while being compatible with the sample introduction system of ICP-MS. Over the past three decades, extensive research efforts have led to the development of various interface configurations, resulting in numerous successful applications and scientific advancements. This article provides an overview of CE-ICP-MS to support the broader adoption of the technique. It introduces the fundamental principles of capillary electrophoresis and outlines the key components of the ICP-MS instrumentation. It also examines the primary interface strategies that have been developed to effectively couple CE with ICP-MS. In addition, recent research trends over the past decade are reviewed to highlight the expanding scope and potential of CE-ICP-MS in modern analytical science.
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS) is a highly effective technique for elemental and chemical speciation analysis. However, coupling CE with ICP-MS presents significant challenges due to maintaining electrical contact at the CE outlet while ensuring efficient transfer of the electrophoretically separated analytes into the mass spectrometer. This interface design is particularly complex, as it must support the formation of an electric field intrinsic to CE while being compatible with the sample introduction system of ICP-MS. Over the past three decades, extensive research efforts have led to the development of various interface configurations, resulting in numerous successful applications and scientific advancements. This article provides an overview of CE-ICP-MS to support the broader adoption of the technique. It introduces the fundamental principles of capillary electrophoresis and outlines the key components of the ICP-MS instrumentation. It also examines the primary interface strategies that have been developed to effectively couple CE with ICP-MS. In addition, recent research trends over the past decade are reviewed to highlight the expanding scope and potential of CE-ICP-MS in modern analytical science.