Antimicrobial effect of photodynamic therapy on Staphylococcus aureus biofilms on zirconia disks
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Purpose: Staphylococcus aureus can attach to extracellular matrix components and plasma proteins deposited on biomaterial surfaces, ultimately forming biofilms. Therefore, managing S. aureus is recommended for preventing and treating peri-implant diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the biofilm-forming ability of S. aureus on zirconia surfaces and to assess the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in reducing these biofilms. Materials and Methods: Biofilm growth analysis showed optimal formation at 48 hours. Therefore, S. aureus ATCC 25923 was inoculated onto a sterilized zirconia disk and cultivated for 48 hours to form the biofilm. Thereafter, the biofilms were treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; control), chlorhexidine (CHX), tetracycline (TC), toluidine blue O (TBO), cold diode laser (laser), or PDT (TBO + laser), with each group consisting of seven disks. The bacterial load was quantified using colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, and biofilm viability was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Results: Significant reductions in bacterial counts were observed in the CHX (95.3%), TC (95.0%), and PDT (93.8%) groups compared to the control (P < 0.001). CLSM revealed a greater number of dead bacteria in the CHX, TC and PDT groups compared to that in other groups. Conclusion: Within its limitations, this study demonstrated that S. aureus can form biofilms on zirconia surfaces. PDT showed similar efficacy to conventional antimicrobial treatments such as CHX and TC for reducing S. aureus biofilms.
Abstract
Purpose: Staphylococcus aureus can attach to extracellular matrix components and plasma proteins deposited on biomaterial surfaces, ultimately forming biofilms. Therefore, managing S. aureus is recommended for preventing and treating peri-implant diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the biofilm-forming ability of S. aureus on zirconia surfaces and to assess the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in reducing these biofilms. Materials and Methods: Biofilm growth analysis showed optimal formation at 48 hours. Therefore, S. aureus ATCC 25923 was inoculated onto a sterilized zirconia disk and cultivated for 48 hours to form the biofilm. Thereafter, the biofilms were treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; control), chlorhexidine (CHX), tetracycline (TC), toluidine blue O (TBO), cold diode laser (laser), or PDT (TBO + laser), with each group consisting of seven disks. The bacterial load was quantified using colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, and biofilm viability was evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Results: Significant reductions in bacterial counts were observed in the CHX (95.3%), TC (95.0%), and PDT (93.8%) groups compared to the control (P < 0.001). CLSM revealed a greater number of dead bacteria in the CHX, TC and PDT groups compared to that in other groups. Conclusion: Within its limitations, this study demonstrated that S. aureus can form biofilms on zirconia surfaces. PDT showed similar efficacy to conventional antimicrobial treatments such as CHX and TC for reducing S. aureus biofilms.
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