수상 · 수중 태양광 발전 기술 전망: FPV에서 UWPV로의 확장 가능성
A Perspective on Floating and Underwater Photovoltaics: Expanding from FPV to UWPV
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This study examined the technological trends and commercialization potential of Floating Photovoltaics (FPVs) and Underwater Photovoltaics (UWPVs) as alternatives to overcoming the site limitations of ground-mounted PVs. FPVs were classified based on their installation environment, with recent commercialization and large-scale deployment cases illustrating both their rapid growth and inherent constraints. UWPVs, optimized for the spectral characteristics of underwater light, could reduce reflection losses and maximize cooling benefits. In addition, recent studies have proposed (1) a modified crystalline silicon cell with bifacial transparent electrodes and a micro-textured SiNₓ antireflection coating, as well as (2) a wide-bandgap metal–oxide–based p–p–n thin-film structure. These designs enhance short-wavelength absorption, improve scattered-light reabsorption, minimize visual impacts, and increase durability under submerged conditions. This study highlights the technical potential of UWPVs, outlines the challenges to commercialization, and underscores the potential of FPV–UWPV integration for expanding renewable-energy generation.
Abstract
This study examined the technological trends and commercialization potential of Floating Photovoltaics (FPVs) and Underwater Photovoltaics (UWPVs) as alternatives to overcoming the site limitations of ground-mounted PVs. FPVs were classified based on their installation environment, with recent commercialization and large-scale deployment cases illustrating both their rapid growth and inherent constraints. UWPVs, optimized for the spectral characteristics of underwater light, could reduce reflection losses and maximize cooling benefits. In addition, recent studies have proposed (1) a modified crystalline silicon cell with bifacial transparent electrodes and a micro-textured SiNₓ antireflection coating, as well as (2) a wide-bandgap metal–oxide–based p–p–n thin-film structure. These designs enhance short-wavelength absorption, improve scattered-light reabsorption, minimize visual impacts, and increase durability under submerged conditions. This study highlights the technical potential of UWPVs, outlines the challenges to commercialization, and underscores the potential of FPV–UWPV integration for expanding renewable-energy generation.