Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection: Risk Factors, Treatment, and Prevention
2
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
The most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea is Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Recurrent C. difficile infection (rCDI) often occurs after successful treatment of CDI. Due to the increased incidence and the difficulty in treating rCDI, it is becoming an important clinical issue. Identifying risk factors is helpful for early detection, treatment, and prevention of rCDI. Advanced age, use of antibiotics, gastric acid suppression, and infection with a hypervirulent strain are currently regarded as the major risk factors for rCDI. Several treatment modalities, including vancomycin, fidaxomicin, and fecal microbiota transplant (FMT), are suggested for rCDI treatment. However, there is currently no definitive treatment method with sufficient evidence for rCDI. Recent studies have focused on FMT and have shown positive results for rCDI. Prevention of rCDI by measures such as hand washing and isolation of patients is very important. However, these preventive measures are often overlooked in clinical practice. Here, we review the risk factors, treatment, and prevention of rCDI.
Abstract
The most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea is Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Recurrent C. difficile infection (rCDI) often occurs after successful treatment of CDI. Due to the increased incidence and the difficulty in treating rCDI, it is becoming an important clinical issue. Identifying risk factors is helpful for early detection, treatment, and prevention of rCDI. Advanced age, use of antibiotics, gastric acid suppression, and infection with a hypervirulent strain are currently regarded as the major risk factors for rCDI. Several treatment modalities, including vancomycin, fidaxomicin, and fecal microbiota transplant (FMT), are suggested for rCDI treatment. However, there is currently no definitive treatment method with sufficient evidence for rCDI. Recent studies have focused on FMT and have shown positive results for rCDI. Prevention of rCDI by measures such as hand washing and isolation of patients is very important. However, these preventive measures are often overlooked in clinical practice. Here, we review the risk factors, treatment, and prevention of rCDI.
참고문헌 (96)
- Bartlett JG, "Role of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis", Gastroenterology, 75, pp.778~782 (1978)
- Kristin E. Burke, "Clostridium difficile Infection: A Worldwide Disease", Gut and Liver, 8(1), pp.1~6 (2014), 거트앤리버 소화기연관학회협의회
- Kim YS, "Incidence and clinical features of Clostridium difficile infection in Korea : a nationwide study", Epidemiol Infect, 141, pp.189~194 (2013)
- 이진호, "Clostridium difficile 감염의 발생률 및 임상 양상; 단일기관 연구", 대한소화기학회지, 55(3), pp.175~182 (2010), 대한소화기학회
- Pépin J, "Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003 : a changing pattern of disease severity", CMAJ, 171, pp.466~472 (2004)
- McDonald LC, "An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile", N Engl J Med, 353, pp.2433~2441 (2005)
- Kuijper EJ, "Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe", Clin Microbiol Infect, 12(Suppl 6), pp.2~18 (2006)
- Bartlett JG, "Narrative review : the new epidemic of Clostridium difficile-associated enteric disease", Ann Intern Med, 145, pp.758~764 (2006)
- Loo VG, "A predominantly clonal multiinstitutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality", N Engl J Med, 353, pp.2442~2449 (2005)
- Ma GK, "Increasing incidence of multiply recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in the United States : a cohort study", Ann Intern Med, 167, pp.152~158 (2017)
- Pepin J, "Increasing risk of relapse after treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis in Quebec, Canada", Clin Infect Dis, 40, pp.1591~1597 (2005)
- Debast SB, "European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases : update of the treatment guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection", Clin Microbiol Infect, 20(Suppl 2), pp.1~26 (2014)
- Surawicz CM, "Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium difficile infections", Am J Gastroenterol, 108, pp.478~498 (2013)
- Tang-Feldman Y, "Molecular analysis of Clostridium difficile strains isolated from 18 cases of recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea", J Clin Microbiol, 41, pp.3413~3414 (2003)
- McFarland LV, "Recurrent Clostridium difficile disease : epidemiology and clinical characteristics", Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 20, pp.43~50 (1999)
- 도영석, "Long-Term Clinical Outcome of Clostridium difficile Infection in Hospitalized Patients: A Single Center Study", Intestinal research, 12(4), pp.299~305 (2014), 대한장연구학회
- Kelly CP, "Can we identify patients at high risk of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection?", Clin Microbiol Infect, 18(Suppl 6), pp.21~27 (2012)
- Barbut F, "Epidemiology of recurrences or reinfections of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea", J Clin Microbiol, 38, pp.2386~2388 (2000)
- Ghantoji SS, "Economic healthcare costs of Clostridium difficile infection : a systematic review", J Hosp Infect, 74, pp.309~318 (2010)
- Deshpande A, "Risk factors for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection : a systematic review and metaanalysis", Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 36, pp.452~460 (2015)
- Abou Chakra CN, "Risk factors for recurrence, complications and mortality in Clostridium difficile infection : a systematic review", PLoS One, 9, pp.e98400~ (2014)
- Johnson S, "Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection : a review of risk factors, treatments, and outcomes", J Infect, 58, pp.403~410 (2009)
- Garey KW, "Meta-analysis to assess risk factors for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection", J Hosp Infect, 70, pp.298~304 (2008)
- Mullane KM, "Efficacy of fidaxomicin versus vancomycin as therapy for Clostridium difficile infection in individuals taking concomitant antibiotics for other concurrent infections", Clin Infect Dis, 53, pp.440~447 (2011)
- Britton RA, "Role of the intestinal microbiota in resistance to colonization by Clostridium difficile", Gastroenterology, 146, pp.1547~1553 (2014)
- Gómez S, "Clinical, epidemiological and microbiological characteristics of relapse and re-infection in Clostridium difficile infection", Anaerobe, 48, pp.147~151 (2017)
- Tariq R, "Association of gastric acid suppression with recurrent Clostridium difficile infection : a systematic review and meta-analysis", JAMA Intern Med, 177, pp.784~791 (2017)
- Jung Hwa Min, "Proton Pump Inhibitors Should be Used with Caution in Critically Ill Patients to Prevent the Risk of Clostridium difficile Infection", Gut and Liver, 10(4), pp.493~494 (2016), 거트앤리버 소화기연관학회협의회
- Petrella LA, "Decreased cure and increased recurrence rates for Clostridium difficile infection caused by the epidemic C. difficile BI strain", Clin Infect Dis, 55, pp.351~357 (2012)
- Marsh JW, "Association of relapse of Clostridium difficile disease with BI", NAP1, J Clin Microbiol, pp.2012, 50[DOI]
- Warny M, "Toxin production by an emerging strain of Clostridium difficile associated with outbreaks of severe disease in North America and Europe", Lancet, 366, pp.1079~1084 (2005)
- Gerding DN, "Clostridium difficile binary toxin CDT : mechanism, epidemiology, and potential clinical importance", Gut Microbes, 5, pp.15~27 (2014)
- Gupta SB, "Antibodies to toxin B are protective against Clostridium difficile infection recurrence", Clin Infect Dis, 63, pp.730~734 (2016)
- Leav BA, "Serum anti-toxin B antibody correlates with protection from recurrent Clostridium difficile infection(CDI)", Vaccine, 28, pp.965~969 (2010)
- Kyne L, "Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea", Lancet, 357, pp.189~193 (2001)
- Hu MY, "Prospective derivation and validation of a clinical prediction rule for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection", Gastroenterology, 136, pp.1206~1214 (2009)
- D’Agostino RB Sr, "Risk estimation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection based on clinical factors", Clin Infect Dis, 58, pp.1386~1393 (2014)
- Louie TJ, "Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection", N Engl J Med, 364, pp.422~431 (2011)
- Cornely OA, "Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for infection with Clostridium difficile in Europe, Canada, and the USA : a double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial", Lancet Infect Dis, 12, pp.281~289 (2012)
- Cornely OA, "Treatment of first recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection: fidaxomicin versus vancomycin", Clin Infect Dis, 55(Suppl 2), pp.S154~S161 (2012)
- Venugopal AA, "Fidaxomicin : a novel macrocyclic antibiotic approved for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection", Clin Infect Dis, 54, pp.568~574 (2012)
- Tannock GW, "A new macrocyclic antibiotic, fidaxomicin (OPT-80), causes less alteration to the bowel microbiota of Clostridium difficile-infected patients than does vancomycin", Microbiology, 156(Pt 11), pp.3354~3359 (2010)
- McFarland LV, "Breaking the cycle : treatment strategies for 163 cases of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease", Am J Gastroenterol, 97, pp.1769~1775 (2002)
- Cohen SH, "Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults : 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America(SHEA)and the infectious diseases society of America(IDSA)", Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 31, pp.431~455 (2010)
- 권태근, "A Case of Toxic Megacolon Caused by Clostridium difficile Infection and Treated with Fecal Microbiota Transplantation", Gut and Liver, 9(2), pp.247~250 (2015), 거트앤리버 소화기연관학회협의회
- Dethlefsen L, "The pervasive effects of an antibiotic on the human gut microbiota, as revealed by deep 16S rRNA sequencing", PLoS Biol, 6, pp.e280~ (2008)
- Chang JY, "Decreased diversity of the fecal Microbiome in recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea", J Infect Dis, 197, pp.435~438 (2008)
- Khoruts A, "Changes in the composition of the human fecal microbiome after bacteriotherapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea", J Clin Gastroenterol, 44, pp.354~360 (2010)
- Brandt LJ, "Long-term follow-up of colonoscopic fecal microbiota transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection", Am J Gastroenterol, 107, pp.1079~1087 (2012)
- Mattila E, "Fecal transplantation, through colonoscopy, is effective therapy for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection", Gastroenterology, 142, pp.490~496 (2012)
- 신준영, "Refractory pseudomembranous colitis that was treated successfully with colonoscopic fecal microbial transplantation", Intestinal research, 14(1), pp.83~88 (2016), 대한장연구학회
- Mi Ok Jang, "Refractory Clostridium difficile Infection Cured With Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus Colonized Patient", Intestinal research, 13(1), pp.80~84 (2015), 대한장연구학회[DOI]
- Kassam Z, "Fecal transplant via retention enema for refractory or recurrent Clostridium difficile infection", Arch Intern Med, 172, pp.191~193 (2012)
- Silverman MS, "Success of self-administered home fecal transplantation for chronic Clostridium difficile infection", Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 8, pp.471~473 (2010)
- Cammarota G, "Randomised clinical trial:faecal microbiota transplantation by colonoscopy vs. vancomycin for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection", Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 41, pp.835~843 (2015)
- Quraishi MN, "Systematic review with meta-analysis : the efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of recurrent and refractory Clostridium difficile infection", Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 46, pp.479~493 (2017)
- van Nood E, "Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile", N Engl J Med, 368, pp.407~415 (2013)
- Jiang ZD, "Randomised clinical trial : faecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridum difficile infection-fresh, or frozen, or lyophilised microbiota from a small pool of healthy donors delivered by colonoscopy", Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 45, pp.899~908 (2017)
- Youngster I, "Oral, capsulized, frozen fecal microbiota transplantation for relapsing Clostridium difficile infection", JAMA, 312, pp.1772~1778 (2014)
- Hyun Ho Choi, "Fecal Microbiota Transplantation: Current Applications, Effectiveness, and Future Perspectives", Clinical Endoscopy, 49(3), pp.257~265 (2016), 대한소화기내시경학회
- 박선호, "Fecal microbiota transplantation for refractory Crohn’s disease", Intestinal research, 15(2), pp.244~248 (2017), 대한장연구학회
- Shinta Mizuno, "Single fecal microbiota transplantation failed to change intestinal microbiota and had limited effectiveness against ulcerative colitis in Japanese patients", Intestinal research, 15(1), pp.68~74 (2017), 대한장연구학회
- Rao K, "Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of Clostridium difficile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease", Inflamm Bowel Dis, 22, pp.1744~1754 (2016)
- Kosaku Nanki, "Fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in a patient with ulcerative colitis", Intestinal research, 16(1), pp.142~146 (2018), 대한장연구학회
- Khanna S, "Management of Clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease : expert review from the Clinical Practice Updates Committee of the AGA Institute", Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 15, pp.166~174 (2017)
- Gianotti RJ, "Fecal microbiota transplantation: from Clostridium difficile to inflammatory bowel disease", Gastroenterol Hepatol(N Y), 13, pp.209~213 (2017)
- Wang S, "Systematic review : adverse events of fecal microbiota transplantation", PLoS One, 11, pp.e0161174~ (2016)
- Xu MQ, "Fecal microbiota transplantation broadening its application beyond intestinal disorders", World J Gastroenterol, 21, pp.102~111 (2015)
- Koo HL, "Rifaximin : a unique gastrointestinal-selective antibiotic for enteric diseases", Curr Opin Gastroenterol, 26, pp.17~25 (2010)
- Johnson S, "Interruption of recurrent Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea episodes by serial therapy with vancomycin and rifaximin", Clin Infect Dis, 44, pp.846~848 (2007)
- Garey KW, "A randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled pilot study to assess the ability of rifaximin to prevent recurrent diarrhoea in patients with Clostridium difficile infection", J Antimicrob Chemother, 66, pp.2850~2855 (2011)
- Curry SR, "High frequency of rifampin resistance identified in an epidemic Clostridium difficile clone from a large teaching hospital", Clin Infect Dis, 48, pp.425~429 (2009)
- McFarland LV, "A randomized placebo-controlled trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in combination with standard antibiotics for Clostridium difficile disease", JAMA, 271, pp.1913~1918 (1994)
- McFarland LV, "Meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of Clostridium difficile disease", Am J Gastroenterol, 101, pp.812~822 (2006)
- Pillai A, "Probiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficileassociated colitis in adults", Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1, pp.CD004611~ (2008)
- Warny M, "Gamma globulin administration in relapsing Clostridium difficile-induced pseudomembranous colitis with a defective antibody response to toxin A", Acta Clin Belg, 50, pp.36~39 (1995)
- Leung DY, "Treatment with intravenously administered gamma globulin of chronic relapsing colitis induced by Clostridium difficile toxin", J Pediatr, 118(4 Pt 1), pp.633~637 (1991)
- Dubberke ER, "Strategies to prevent Clostridium difficile infections in acute care hospitals : 2014 Update", Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 35, pp.628~645 (2014)
- Cataldo MA, "Clostridium difficile infection : new approaches to prevention, non-antimicrobial treatment, and stewardship", Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 15, pp.1027~1040 (2017)
- 윤소윤, "What’s the Clinical Features of Colitis in Elderly People in Long-Term Care Facilities?", Intestinal research, 13(2), pp.128~134 (2015), 대한장연구학회
- Bobulsky GS, "Clostridium difficile skin contamination in patients with C. difficile-associated disease", Clin Infect Dis, 46, pp.447~450 (2008)
- Boyce JM, "Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings: recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC", SHEA, IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Forc, pp.MMWR Recomm Rep, 2002[DOI]
- Oughton MT, "Hand hygiene with soap and water is superior to alcohol rub and antiseptic wipes for removal of Clostridium difficile", Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 30, pp.939~944 (2009)
- Pil Hun Song, "Rapid and accurate diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection by real-time polymerase chain reaction", Intestinal research, 16(1), pp.109~115 (2018), 대한장연구학회
- Van Hise NW, "Efficacy of oral vancomycin in preventing recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in patients treated with systemic antimicrobial agents", Clin Infect Dis, 63, pp.651~653 (2016)
- Carignan A, "Efficacy of secondary prophylaxis with vancomycin for preventing recurrent Clostridium difficile infections", Am J Gastroenterol, 111, pp.1834~1840 (2016)
- Lowy I, "Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins", N Engl J Med, 362, pp.197~205 (2010)
- Wilcox MH, "Bezlotoxumab for prevention of recurrent Clostridium difficile infection", N Engl J Med, 376, pp.305~317 (2017)
- Sambol SP, "Colonization for the prevention of Clostridium difficile disease in hamsters", J Infect Dis, 186, pp.1781~1789 (2002)
- Borriello SP, "Protection of hamsters against Clostridium difficile ileocaecitis by prior colonisation with non-pathogenic strains", J Med Microbiol, 19, pp.339~350 (1985)
- Wilson KH, "Antagonism of toxigenic Clostridium difficile by nontoxigenic C. difficile", J Infect Dis, 147, pp.733~736 (1983)
- Nagaro KJ, "Nontoxigenic Clostridium difficile protects hamsters against challenge with historic and epidemic strains of toxigenic BI", NAP1, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, pp.2013, 57[DOI]
- Shim JK, "Primary symptomless colonisation by Clostridium difficile and decreased risk of subsequent diarrhoea", Lancet, 351, pp.633~636 (1998)
- Gerding DN, "Administration of spores of nontoxigenic Clostridium difficile strain M3 for prevention of recurrent C. difficile infection: a randomized clinical trial", JAMA, 313, pp.1719~1727 (2015)
- Henderson M, "A review of the safety and efficacy of vaccines as prophylaxis for Clostridium difficile infections", Vaccines(Basel), 5, pp.E25~ (2017)
- Legenza LM, "Vaccines in development for the primary prevention of Clostridium difficile infection", J Am Pharm Assoc(2003), 57, pp.547~549 (2017)
