Risk Stratification of T1 Colorectal Cancer Metastasis to Lymph Nodes: Current Status and Perspective
1
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
With the widely spreading population-based screening programs for colorectal cancer and recent improvements in endoscopic diagnosis, the number of endoscopic resections in subjects with T1 colorectal cancer has been increasing. Some reports suggest that endoscopic resection prior to surgical resection of T1 colorectal cancer has no adverse effect on prognosis and contributes to this tendency. The decision on the need for surgical resection as an additional treatment after endoscopic resection of T1 colorectal cancer should be made according to the metastasis risk to lymph nodes based on histopathological findings. Because lymph node metastasis occurs in approximately 10% of patients with T1 colorectal cancer according to current international guidelines, the remaining 90% of patients may be at an increased risk of surgical resection and associated postoperative mortality, with no clinical benefit derived from unnecessary surgical resection. Although a more accurate prediction system for lymph node metastasis is needed to solve this problem, risk stratification for lymph node metastasis remains controversial. In this review, we focus on the current status of risk stratification of T1 colorectal cancer metastasis to lymph nodes and outline future perspectives.
Abstract
With the widely spreading population-based screening programs for colorectal cancer and recent improvements in endoscopic diagnosis, the number of endoscopic resections in subjects with T1 colorectal cancer has been increasing. Some reports suggest that endoscopic resection prior to surgical resection of T1 colorectal cancer has no adverse effect on prognosis and contributes to this tendency. The decision on the need for surgical resection as an additional treatment after endoscopic resection of T1 colorectal cancer should be made according to the metastasis risk to lymph nodes based on histopathological findings. Because lymph node metastasis occurs in approximately 10% of patients with T1 colorectal cancer according to current international guidelines, the remaining 90% of patients may be at an increased risk of surgical resection and associated postoperative mortality, with no clinical benefit derived from unnecessary surgical resection. Although a more accurate prediction system for lymph node metastasis is needed to solve this problem, risk stratification for lymph node metastasis remains controversial. In this review, we focus on the current status of risk stratification of T1 colorectal cancer metastasis to lymph nodes and outline future perspectives.
참고문헌 (81)
- "Cancer today" (2020)[URL]
- Bretthauer M, "Populationbased colonoscopy screening for colorectal cancer : a randomized clinical trial", JAMA Intern Med, 176, pp.894~902 (2016)
- Amri R, "Impact of screening colonoscopy on outcomes in colon cancer surgery", JAMA Surg, 148, pp.747~754 (2013)
- Yoshida N, "Cross-national analysis about the difference of histopathological management in Tis and T1 colorectal cancer between Japan and Korea", J Anus Rectum Colon, 3, pp.18~26 (2019)
- Haggitt RC, "Prognostic factors in colorectal carcinomas arising in adenomas : implications for lesions removed by endoscopic polypectomy", Gastroenterology, 89, pp.328~336 (1985)
- Hashiguchi Y, "Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum(JSCCR)guidelines 2019for the treatment of colorectal cancer", Int J Clin Oncol, 25, pp.1~42 (2020)
- Glynne-Jones R, "Rectal cancer:ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up", Ann Oncol, 29, pp.iv263~ (2018)
- Benson AB, "Rectal Cancer, Version 2. 2018, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology", J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 16, pp.874~901 (2018)
- Pimentel-Nunes P, "Endoscopic submucosal dissection : European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy(ESGE)Guideline", Endoscopy, 47, pp.829~854 (2015)
- Labianca R, "Early colon cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treat-ment and follow-up", Ann Oncol, 24(Suppl 6), pp.vi64~vi72 (2013)
- Benson AB 3rd, "Colon Cancer, Version 1. 2017, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology", J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 15, pp.370~398 (2017)
- 박찬혁, "Clinical Practice Guideline for Endoscopic Resection of Early Gastrointestinal Cancer", Clinical Endoscopy, 53(2), pp.142~166 (2020), 대한소화기내시경학회[DOI]
- Kaltenbach T, "Endoscopic removal of colorectal lesions-recommendations by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer", Gastroenterology, 158, pp.1095~1129 (2020)
- Miyachi H, "Management of T1colorectal cancers after endoscopic treatment based on the risk stratification of lymph node metastasis", J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 31, pp.1126~1132 (2016)
- Backes Y, "Histologic factors associated with need for surgery in patients with pedunculated T1 colorectal carcinomas", Gastroenterology, 154, pp.1647~1659 (2018)
- Bosch SL, "Predicting lymph node metastasis in pT1 colorectal cancer : a systematic review of risk factors providing rationale for therapy decisions", Endoscopy, 45, pp.827~834 (2013)
- Yasue C, "Pathological risk factors and predictive endoscopic factors for lymph node metastasis of T1 colorectal cancer : a single-center study of 846lesions", J Gastroenterol, 54, pp.708~717 (2019)
- Carl-Fredrik Rönnow, "Lymphovascular Infiltration, Not Depth of Invasion, is the Critical Risk Factor of Metastases in Early Colorectal Cancer", Annals of Surgery, 275(1), pp.e148~e154 (2022), Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)[DOI]
- Guo K, "Risk factors and predictors of lymph nodes metastasis and distant metastasis in newly diagnosed T1 colorectal cancer", Cancer Med, 9, pp.5095~5113 (2020)
- 오정렬, "Nomogram Development and External Validation for Predicting the Risk of Lymph Node Metastasis in T1 Colorectal Cancer", Cancer Research and Treatment, 51(4), pp.1275~1284 (2019), 대한암학회
- Belderbos TD, "Long-term recurrence-free survival after standard endoscopic resection versus surgical resection of submucosal invasive colorectal cancer : a population-based study", Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 15, pp.403~411 (2017)
- Kim B, "The risk of lymph node metastasis makes it unsafe to expand the conventional indications for endoscopic treatment of T1 colorectal cancer: a retrospective study of 428 patients", Medicine (Baltimore), 95, pp.e4373~ (2016)
- Mou S, "Pathologic predictive factors for lymph node metastasis in submucosal invasive(T1)colorectal cancer : a systematic review and meta-analysis", Surg Endosc, 27, pp.2692~2703 (2013)
- Vermeer NCA, "National cohort study on postoperative risks after surgery for submucosal invasive colorectal cancer", BJS Open, 3, pp.210~217 (2018)
- Okabe S, "Lymph node metastasis in T1 adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum", J Gastrointest Surg, 8, pp.1032~1039 (2004)
- Kitajima K, "Correlations between lymph node metastasis and depth of submucosal invasion in submucosal invasive colorectal carcinoma : a Japanese collaborative study", J Gastroenterol, 39, pp.534~543 (2004)
- Suh JH, "Predictors for lymph node metastasis in T1 colorectal cancer", Endoscopy, 44, pp.590~595 (2012)
- 하련경, "Histopathologic risk factors for lymph node metastasis in patients with T1 colorectal cancer", Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research, 93(5), pp.266~271 (2017), 대한외과학회
- Xu X, "Population-based analysis on predictors for lymph node metastasis in T1 colon cancer", Surg Endosc, 34, pp.4030~4040 (2020)
- Wang H, "Patterns of lymph node metastasis are different in colon and rectal carcinomas", World J Gastroenterol, 16, pp.5375~5379 (2010)
- Okuyama T, "Budding as a risk factor for lymph node metastasis in pT1 or pT2 well-differentiated colorectal adenocarcinoma", Dis Colon Rectum, 45, pp.628~634 (2002)
- Kikuchi R, "Management of early invasive colorectal cancer : risk of recurrence and clinical guidelines", Dis Colon Rectum, 38, pp.1286~1295 (1995)
- Ikematsu H, "Long-term outcomes after resection for submucosal invasive colorectal cancers", Gastroenterology, 144, pp.551~559 (2013)
- Ichimasa K, "Comparative clinicopathological characteristics of colon and rectal T1 carcinoma", Oncol Lett, 13, pp.805~810 (2017)
- Sakuragi M, "Predictive factors for lymph node metastasis in T1 stage colorectal carcinomas", Dis Colon Rectum, 46, pp.1626~1632 (2003)
- Nascimbeni R, "Risk of lymph node metastasis in T1 carcinoma of the colon and rectum", Dis Colon Rectum, 45, pp.200~206 (2002)
- Oh-e H, "Angiogenesis at the site of deepest penetration predicts lymph node metastasis of submucosal colorectal cancer", Dis Colon Rectum, 44, pp.1129~1136 (2001)
- Ouchi A, "Variations in clinical features and oncologic behaviors of T1 colorectal cancer according to tumor location", Int J Clin Oncol, 25, pp.1130~1136 (2020)
- Mochizuki K, "Left-sided location is a risk factor for lymph node metastasis of T1 colorectal cancer : a single-center retrospective study", Int J Colorectal Dis, 35, pp.1911~1919 (2020)
- Son HJ, "Characteristics of early colorectal carcinoma with lymph node metastatic disease", Hepatogastroenterology, 55, pp.1293~1297 (2008)
- Ichimasa K, "Patient gender as a factor associated with lymph node metastasis in T1 colorectal cancer : a systematic review and meta-analysis", Mol Clin Oncol, 6, pp.517~524 (2017)
- Lee YJ, "Risk factors for lymph node metastasis in early colon cancer", Int J Colorectal Dis, 35, pp.1607~1613 (2020)
- Fernandez E, "Oral contraceptives and colorectal cancer risk : a meta-analysis", Br J Cancer, 84, pp.722~727 (2001)
- Grodstein F, "Postmenopausal hormone therapy and the risk of colorectal cancer : a review and meta-analysis", Am J Med, 106, pp.574~582 (1999)
- Tateishi Y, "Pathological prognostic factors predicting lymph node metastasis in submucosal invasive(T1)colorectal carcinoma", Mod Pathol, 23, pp.1068~1072 (2010)
- Nakadoi K, "Condition of muscularis mucosae is a risk factor for lymph node metastasis in T1colorectal carcinoma", Surg Endosc, 28, pp.1269~1276 (2014)
- Toh EW, "Area of submucosal invasion and width of invasion predicts lymph node metastasis in pT1 colorectal cancers", Dis Colon Rectum, 58, pp.393~400 (2015)
- "J Anus Rectum Colon", 2019, 175~195
- Kojima M, "Pathological diagnostic criterion of blood and lymphatic vessel invasion in colorectal cancer : a framework for developing an objective pathological diagnostic system using the Delphi method, from the Pathology Working Group of the Japanese Society for Cancer of the Colon and Rectum", J Clin Pathol, 66, pp.551~558 (2013)
- Wang HS, "Curative resection of T1colorectal carcinoma : risk of lymph node metastasis and long-term prognosis", Dis Colon Rectum, 48, pp.1182~1192 (2005)
- Tsuruta O, "Indication for endoscopic resection of submucosal colorectal carcinoma : special reference to lymph node metastasis", Diagn Ther Endosc, 6, pp.101~109 (2000)
- Ishii M, "Lymphatic vessel invasion detected by monoclonal antibody D2-40 as a predictor of lymph node metastasis in T1 colorectal cancer", Int J Colorectal Dis, 24, pp.1069~1074 (2009)
- Ishikawa Y, "Histopathologic determinants of regional lymph node metastasis in early colorectal cancer", Cancer, 112, pp.924~933 (2008)
- Kojima M, "Blood and lymphatic vessel invasion in pT1 colorectal cancer : an international concordance study", J Clin Pathol, 68, pp.628~632 (2015)
- Suzuki A, "Evaluation of venous invasion by Elastica van Gieson stain and tumor budding predicts local and distant metastases in patients with T1stage colorectal cancer", Am J Surg Pathol, 33, pp.1601~1607 (2009)
- Wada H, "Lymphatic invasion identified with D2-40 immunostaining as a risk factor of nodal metastasis in T1 colorectal cancer", Int J Clin Oncol, 18, pp.1025~1031 (2013)
- Barel F, "High reproducibility is attainable in assessing histoprognostic parameters of pT1colorectal cancer using routine histopathology slides and immunohistochemistry analyses", Pathology, 51, pp.46~54 (2019)
- WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board, "Digestive System Tumours" (2019), World Health Organization
- Kudo S, "Endoscopic mucosal resection of the colon : the Japanese technique", Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am, 11, pp.519~535 (2001)
- Kouyama Y, "Practical problems of measuring depth of submucosal invasion in T1 colorectal carcinomas", Int J Colorectal Dis, 31, pp.137~146 (2016)
- Tanaka S, "JGES guidelines for colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection", endoscopic mucosal resection, 2015, pp.27, 417~434
- Oka S, "Local recurrence after endoscopic resection for large colorectal neoplasia : a multicenter prospective study in Japan", Am J Gastroenterol, 110, pp.697~707 (2015)
- Saito Y, "A prospective, multicenter study of 1111 colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissections(with video)", Gastrointest Endosc, 72, pp.1217~1225 (2010)
- Overwater A, "Endoscopic resection of high-risk T1 colorectal carcinoma prior to surgical resection has no adverse effect on long-term outcomes", Gut, 67, pp.284~290 (2018)
- Yamashita K, "Preceding endoscopic submucosal dissection for T1 colorectal carcinoma does not affect the prognosis of patients who underwent additional surgery : a large multicenter propensity score-matched analysis", J Gastroenterol, 54, pp.897~906 (2019)
- Yamaoka Y, "Endoscopic resection of T1 colorectal cancer prior to surgery does not affect surgical adverse events and recurrence", Surg Endosc, 34, pp.5006~5016 (2020)
- Liu Y, "The effect of non-curative endoscopic resection on cT1N0M0 colorectal carcinoma patients who underwent additional surgery", Surg Endosc, 35, pp.2862~2869 (2021)
- Rickert A, "Oncologic colorectal resection after endoscopic treatment of malignant polyps: does endoscopy have an adverse effect on oncologic and surgical outcomes?", Gastrointest Endosc, 79, pp.951~960 (2014)
- Watanabe D, "Clinical outcomes of deep invasive submucosal colorectal cancer after ESD", Surg Endosc, 32, pp.2123~2130 (2018)
- Schmidt A, "Colonoscopic full-thickness resection using an over-the-scope device : a prospective multicentre study in various indications", Gut, 67, pp.1280~1289 (2018)
- Shahidi N, "Endoscopic full-thickness resection for invasive colorectal neoplasia: hype or here to stay?", Gastrointest Endosc, 89, pp.1190~1192 (2019)
- Guillaumot MA, "Endoscopic fullthickness resection of early colorectal neoplasms using an endoscopic submucosal dissection knife : a retrospective multicenter study", Endosc Int Open, 8, pp.E611~ (2020)
- Dang H, "Quality of life and fear of cancer recurrence in T1colorectal cancer patients treated with endoscopic or surgical tumor resection", Gastrointest Endosc, 89, pp.533~544 (2019)
- Macias-Garcia F, "A clinical model for predicting lymph node metastasis in submucosal invasive(T1)colorectal cancer", Int J Colorectal Dis, 30, pp.761~768 (2015)
- Ichimasa K, "Artificial intelligence may help in predicting the need for additional surgery after endoscopic resection of T1 colorectal cancer", Endoscopy, 50, pp.230~240 (2018)
- Kudo SE, "Artificial intelligence system to determine risk of T1 colorectal cancer metastasis to lymph node", Gastroenterology, 160, pp.1075~1084 (2021)
- Korbar B, "Deep learning for classification of colorectal polyps on whole-slide images", J Pathol Inform, 8, pp.30~ (2017)
- Takamatsu M, "Prediction of early colorectal cancer metastasis by machine learning using digital slide images", Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 178, pp.155~161 (2019)
- Ozawa T, "A microRNA signature associated with metastasis of T1 colorectal cancers to lymph nodes", Gastroenterology, 154, pp.844~848 (2018)
- Kandimalla R, "Gene expression signature in surgical tissues and endoscopic biopsies identifies highrisk T1 colorectal cancers", Gastroenterology, 156, pp.2338~2341 (2019)
- Kishida Y, "Associations between loss of ARID1A expression and clinicopathologic and genetic variables in T1 early colorectal cancer", Am J Clin Pathol, 152, pp.463~470 (2019)
